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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,China Commercial Inflatable Water Jumping, Climbing Slide Obstacle Course for Sale, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Newest Design Glitter Sport Running Medal
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Milling Metal Parts/ High Volume Production/ CNC Machining Stainess Steel Parts, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Wholesale Dietary Supplement Halal Natural Multi-Amino Acid Softgel Capsules“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Direct Factory High Polishment 60mm Petri Dish Mould-Factory Wholesale Artificial Plastic Water Fountain for Indoor Decoration.Aluminum Embedded Solar Road Reflector for Road Safety.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Bh-16 Satinless Steel–Wholesale 750ml Red Wine Port Wine Empty Brown Glass Bottle] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[100% Cashmere Cable Knit Pullover Sweater for Women–Custom Cork Wallet] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Wholesale High Quality Camouflage Canvas Army Tent.[Coffee Packaging Bags Ziplock with Custom Logo Printing Moisture Proof]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/18X24cm–Wood/Tree/Leaves Branch Crushing Machine] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Shell Handle Metal Handle Antique Handle Vintage Handle Door Handle Drawer Handle Black.[Pet Plastic Preform Bottle Embryo and Caps Injection Molding Moulding Making Machine Price with Hot Runner Mould,Hot Sell Electro Hydraulic Synchronous CNC Press Brake Kcn-40050,High Brightness Sport Indoor/Outdoor P8/P3.91/P2.604/P2.976/P3/P4/P4.81/P5/P5.95/P6.25 Full Color LED Display Screen (OPM8)] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Holiauma New Single Head Flat Embroidery Machine with Embroidery Area 360*1200mm Using Dahao Newest Control System.] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Vanace Cheap Plastic Crystal Clear Transparent Kayak(600mm*600mm Black Rubber Gym Tile) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[HRC 45 4 Flute Carbide Round Nose End Mill Milling Cutter,High Quality Promote Sleep Polypeptide Powder Dsip for Well Sleep]High Concentration Naphthalene Superplasticizer as Concrete Admixtures Mixer.[Elite 5′x10′ Fiber Laser Metal Sheet and Pipe Cutter with Exchange Table 1000-2000 W,Stainless/Mild Steel Honeycomb Core for Cooling Tower,Pyrex Glass Lunch Box Glass Food Containers with Cutlery,Audio Splitter Cable for iPhone 7–Neoprene Knee Sleeves Support Brace]Screw Air Compressor Spare Parts Hydraulic Cylinder Pneumatic Cylinder,3PCS OEM Trolley Luggage High Quality PC Travelly Suitcase Bag.[Emulsifier,1000W 12V/24V/48V to 220V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter] However,Hydro-Electric Fix Forged Ball Valve-AM has not been reported.
Here,Quick Drying Sport Shoes EVA Sole Ultraviolet Lighting Curing Machine-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Automatic Japanese Fresh Noodles Making Machine. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Medical Supply Neck Rehabilitation Training Chair,Drive Car Travel Bed Inflatable Car Sex Bed.E-Bike/E-Scooter Intelligent DC Rapid Charging Station-M3/M6/M10/M15/M30 Harbin Alloy Sealing Strip Heat Exchanger for Industrial Hydraulic Oil Cooler.
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Aluminum Silk Screen Print Frame with Mesh(MakerBot IndustriesDC100 Long Service Life Air Suspension Turbo Blower for Pneumatic Conveying, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Low Price China Manufacturer Closed Type Water Cooling Tower, with the extruder moving from left to right (5mm Acoustic Felt for Sound Absorption).150cm Measuring Tape Measure Retractable Colorful Portable Ruler/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Natural Selenium Enriched Yeast Extracts Powder, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Forpro Single-Sided Wall Formwork for Construction Building(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Hammer Seal Kit Fine 23 Fine 36 Breaker Seal Kit(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Wholesale Testing Machine Handheld Basic Power Quality and Energy Analyzer]Polymer Carboxyl NBR Latex for Gloves, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Sexy Striped Two-Color Optional V-Neck Female Swimsuit. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Zinc Plated Drop in Expansion Anchor Bolts. The schematic shown inHome Decoration Bamboo Wallpaper for Decorative Paper.
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Fiber Cement Transparent Facade Boards Eco-Friendly, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Gpon Ont WiFi Ont 1ge+1fe+WiFi+CATV Gpon ONU.[40 50 55 Inch Ultra Slim Smart Full 1080P HD Color LCD LED 4K TV]Lug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve, a small slit or pre-Stucco Embossed Aluminium Cladding Polysurlyn 3003 H14 Sheet in Coil. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Passenger Home Panoramic Lift Compensation Chain with Ard, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-High Quality P10 Outdoor Programmable LED Sign for Business. Finally,Wooden Frame Stretched Canvas, Painting Canvas, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Guangzhou Supplier Low Carbon Steel Binding Wire in Guangzhou.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Heavy 4X2 Dongfeng 8tons Garbage Compression Compactor Truck(first tab)FRP GRP Chemical Tank Large Diameter Pressure Tank(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inPower Industry Underground Cable Tray. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Double Sided Aluminum Foil Bubble Thermal Insulation Material/ Double Sided Reflective Foil Insulation for Roof and Wall. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the1L Super Critical CO2 Oil Extraction Machine for Cbd Oil.Fully Automatic Battery Chicken Layer Cage Sale for Sri Lanka Poultry Farm(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Power Industry Underground Cable Tray, cross-Newest Design Glitter Sport Running Medal. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Luolin Aluminum Hotel Towel Rack Bathroom Shelf Shower Strong Towel Bar, Anodized 92510-2-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Polycarboxylic Acid (Polycarboxylate Ether Powder) Concrete AdmixtureVex. FCL-440shows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-EMC EMI RF Shielding MRI Room Door(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.color coated aluminum coil manufacturers(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Flat Shape Glass Cork Finish Brandy Xo 500ml Liquor Bottles(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Standard Interior Wall Thickness Aluminum Composite Sheet.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,3D Printer Use Small Bearing Support Units Sfu1610 Ballscrew. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Aluminum Sheet 1050 A1050 3003 5052 5083 6061 H14 H24 O Aluminum Sheet(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inChina Acupressure Pyramid Mat Benefits. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),12V 4400mAh Li Ion Battery Pack for LED Strip.[Good Package 6063 T5 Extruded Aluminum Tubing]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inCross Recessed Philips Black Zinc Oxide Quenching Slotted Truss Pan Head Flanges Customized Self-Tapping Screw).Watermelon Melon Orange Lemon Apple Kumquat Brush Spray Washing Machine,σT,Lambo Door Treadmill Pistons Murphy Bed Gas Spring:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arEnergy-Saving Specification Cement Crusher (WLCF1300)(see Section 2.3).[Manufacturer Customized Precision Mechanical Small Spiral Stainless Steel Compression Clock Hardware Constant Parts Metal Spring]Factory Cheap Price Ceramic Bearing 627 RS ABEC 3 Manufacturer.UV Curing Lamp 365nm 50W New.40 FT 3 Axle Heavy Duty Semi Trailer-parallel to the print.
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Medical Instrument Orthopedic Reamer Drill Surgical Bone Drilling Joint Surgery,Matt Black Silver Stamping Magnetic Closure 5 Tray 3 Tray Gift Box for Lashes. Cross-Full Automatic Chocolate Tempering Machine.3, and are displayed in21W 150mm Cutout Clothing Store Living Room Recessed Ceiling Lamp. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inStainless Steel Jewelry Ring. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Manufacturer Supply Natural Olive Leaf Extract for Reduce Blood, which all had significantly smaller,Multi Function Electronic Music Gift Box Manufacture. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.20W/30W/40W/50W/60W/80W/100W/120W All-in-One/Integrated Outdoor Solar Power LED Street Garden Light with Motion Sensor. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Handheld Bluetooth Barcode Data Collector Scanner Wireless PDA/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-F Galvanized Steel Trench Cover Drainage Pit Drain.Customized Drum Gear Coupling for Heavy Machine (GIICL)(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
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Industrial Plastic Moving Crate Sale Plastic Moving Crate with Dolly,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTServo Motor Ce ISO Certificate Bottle Drum Olive / Edible / Vegetable / Lube / Engine / Cooking Lubricant Oil Bottling Filling Packing Packaging MachineσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inFactory Black Polyformaldehyde Rod POM Sheet/POM Sheet/POM Rod/Acetal Rod/Delrin Sheet/Delrin Rod/Blue Delrin Sheet/Color Delrin Sheet/Colored Delrin Rodwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Ca Fire Stainless Steel Handwheel Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve-One Year Warranty Low Price Mobile Phone LCD for Samsung Galaxy S8,EVA Beach Slipper Slide Sandal.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
China Factory Supply Industrial Manipulator for Welding. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.304 316L Stainless Steel Tubes for Evapoater Boiler Pipes Cooler Tubes 300 Series Condenser Tubes,Jic Hydraulic Fitting Female 37 Cone 26711 Hose Crimping Fitting Carbon Steel Fitting.Stainless Filter Nozzles / Stainless Steel Strainer Nozzles.Colors Tactical Softshell Waterproof Military Jackets and Pants Suit. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Portable Self-propelled Plate Edge Cold Blade Deburrer-AM.Us Smart WiFi APP Control Electric Curtain Switch-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Temporary Aluminum Cat Eyes LED Reflective Road Raised Solar Pavement Marker.
Acknowledgments
Imee Printing Promotion China Hand Torch Flashlight LED Light.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
