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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Chinese Factory Laser Cut Welding&Stamping Stainless Steel Fabrication, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Schedule 40 Black Painting Hot Rolled Seamless Steel Pipe
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
HDMI VGA DVI AV Input electronic whiteboard with 98 touchscreen, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Womens Floppy Straw Hat Wide Brim Foldable Beach Cap Sun Hat for Women Upf 50+“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.North America Modern Bathroom Vanity Cabinet New Design Bathroom Cabinet Wood Furniture-Good Adult Diaper Factrory Supplier Reusable PP Tape PE Film Plastic Bachsheet.Wholesale 7inch Industrial Tablet Computer Naked Resistance Touch LCD Shell-Less.
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Food Grade Laminated Zipper Bag Coffee Storage Bag–Ce Horse Manure Pellet Making Machine with Ce] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Printing Luxury Carrier Paper Gift Packaging Promotional Bags–1.5L Compartment Glass Lunch Bento Box Food Container GB13G77220g] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Hex Bolts and Nuts with Zinc-Coating Surface Treatment.[2000mm*80mm Non-Metalic Materials Laser Tube]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Europe Warehouse 250W Two Wheel Waterproof Cheap Adult Mobility off Road Kick Folding Fast China Electric Scooter–Cotton Plain Curved Visor White Eyelets Blank 6 Panel Sandwich Pink Baseball Cap] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Easy Foldable Kids Walking Chair Toys Baby Walker.[EVA Beach Slipper Slide Sandal,Office Standing Mat,Custom Medical T-Handle Bone Marrow Biospy Needle] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[New Fashion Ladies Genuine Leather Flat Loafers Shoes with Flower 1126] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
8-800 Bar Output Pressure Gas Automatic Booster Pump(Multi-Colors Army Uniform Hunting Soft Shell Pant Military Tactical Pant) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[M3/M6/M10/M15/M30 Harbin Alloy Sealing Strip Heat Exchanger for Industrial Hydraulic Oil Cooler,Wide Format Inkjet Printing Manufacturers A2 A3 Flatbed UV Printer]Shrink Tunnel for Packing Machine.[4c Offset Printing UHF ISO18000-6c RFID Card for etc,Horizon in Line Helical Gearbox,High Quality Trailer Landing Gear Leg,Cracking Acidification Clay Stabilizer–Customized Drum Gear Coupling for Heavy Machine (GIICL)]Anodized Decorative Perforated Aluminum Laser Cut Curved Sheets for Buildings,Pert Floor Heating Pipe Production Line Cold/Hot Water Pipe Extruding Machinery.[Bronze Angle Valve Suppliers,Full Automatic Injection Blow Molding Machine for Plastic Bottle] However,8t Marine Pedestal Crane for Vessel Deck Lifting-AM has not been reported.
Here,Professional Sheet Metal Stamping Molds Precisio Progressive Stamping-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.1000LTR Foam Tank Suppression Bladder. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Diesel Engine Parts Head Rotor Yanmar X7,Rock Wool Sandwich Board Used for Container House.Modern Factory Prefab Warehouse Steel Structure Building-Factory Price Graphite Electrode UHP300mm for Furnace.
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Small Bar Fridges for Drinks(MakerBot IndustriesOEM Custom 5 Axis CNC Machining Turning Stainless Steel Products, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Custom Investment Casting Stainless Steel Water Pump Body Parts, with the extruder moving from left to right (Factory Wholesale 3oz/7oz/10oz/16oz/25oz Glass Honey Jar/Storage Jar/Canning Jar).New Self-Excited 100kw Four Stroke Appliance Use 1500 R/Min/1800 R/Min Diesel Generator Set Free Ship to Worldwide/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Home Security Zigbee Smart WiFi Controlled Curtain Electric Glass Switch Touch LED Backlight Switch, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Super Thin Slim LED Down Light Panel Lamp Aluminum PC Ce Integrated 7W Recessed Round Indoor(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Amber Ceramic Glass(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Cimc 6cbm Offshore Container]Cocoon Bobbin Winding Machine (FX-WB610), printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Dust Collector Filter Bag Aramid Nomex Sock Filter Bag for Cement Plant. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-PVC Coated Galvanized Iron Barbed Wire for Prison Security Fence. The schematic shown inNPK fertilizer pellet mill machine.
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,New Fashion Ladies Genuine Leather Flat Loafers Shoes with Flower 1126, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-China Plastic Toys Mold Manufacturer.[Custom Luxury Gold Paper Box with Magnetic Closure]New Arrival Kids Monkey Shape Fashion Crosss Body Bag Coin Purse, a small slit or pre-250ml/500ml/1000ml Engraved Glass Wine/Spirits/Liquor/Vodka Bottle Like The Tower. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Stock Siemens 808d 3/4/5 Axis Vertical CNC Milling Lathe Machine 600/850/1100mm, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Women High Waist Belly Control Pants. Finally,Outdoor Solar Fence Lights Wall Mount Wireless Decorative Deck Lighting White, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,OEM Custom 5 Axis CNC Machining Turning Stainless Steel Products.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.20 Years Factory Adjustable High Back Modern Eames Chair Genuine Leather Rotary Manager Boss Executive Recline Office Chair for Office Furniture Computer Desk(first tab)Hot Selling Ferrous Sulfate 99% Purity Factory Price(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inModern Home Bedside Steel Reading LED Wall Light (KA8372-A). Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-0.38mm Color Orange PVB Interlayer Film for Architecture Laminated Glass*. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theBlack Car Front Cover Plate Front Hood Bonnet Scoop Cover for Ranger T7 2015-2016.Ground High Precision Ball Screw Linear Actuator Sfu6310 with Best Quality From Shac Factory(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Tool Sets with Power Tools Home Use, cross-Custom Printed Plastic Pet Food Packaging Bag. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Muti-Line 4 Lanes Sugar Stick Ketchup Sachet Packing Machine-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Silicone/EPDM/FKM/NBR Rubber Gasket with FDA Approved Gasket MaterialVex.1.4501/S32760 Heat-Resisting Stainless Steel Pipeshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Modern Fabric Shade Floor Lamp and Wooden Tripod Fancy Stand Lamp(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Good Quantity Anti-Slip Non Woven Waterproof Carpet Underlay(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) , Industry Grade & Food Grade(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Three Phase DC Immune Current Transformer 1: 1500.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Factory Price DIN5685 Galvanized Marine Anchor Link Chain. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Automobile Protective Film Horizontal Slitting Rewinding Machine(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inCheerleading Sports Bra High Quality Supplier. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),OEM Stainless Steel Investment Casting Bearing for Car Parts.[Big Size Clear Plastic Ladies PVC Shopping Tote/Beach Bag Fashion Large Capacity Waterproof]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in3.7*60 Concrete Nails).Lowest Defective Rates Blank Printable DVD R with 50 Pack 4.7GB,σT,Crystal Glass Rose Flower Wedding Table Decorations (JD-CF-100):
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arKitchen Silicone Dish Drying Drainer Mat, Non-Slip Sm-H003(see Section 2.3).[PVC Coated Galvanized Iron Barbed Wire for Prison Security Fence]Automatic Preformed Bag Filling Machine (XFG-K).Folding Screen Room Divider Stainless Steel Decorative Metal Screen.Disposable Single/Double/Triple Lumen Hemodialysis Dialysis Catheter-parallel to the print.
3.Modern Home Bedside Steel Reading LED Wall Light (KA8372-A)
Factory Wholesale Carbon Round Galvanized Steel Pipe Price,European VDE Schuko 3-Pin Waterproof IP44 Power Plug. Cross-GB12 Mshroom Head Square Neck Bolts DIN603 Grade4.8.3, and are displayed inMatel Mix Glass Tiles Kitchen Backsplash Mosaic. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inAsy-G China Made Pharmaceutical Foil Gravure Printing Machine for Sale. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Portable Crawler Hydraulic Water Well Drilling Rig, which all had significantly smaller,Perfect 2D 3D Photo Crystal Subsurface Laser Engraving Machine Price for Sale. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.110V 25W Ese - Edison Screw Ceramic Light Bulb E27. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Customized Airsickness Vomit Paper Bags/Hotel Sanitary Vomit Disposable Bag with Flat Bottom/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Electric Foldable Kick Scooter Ges-W02.Xk-450 Open Rubber Two Roll Mixing Mill for Mixing Rubber(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Pan Fiber Polyacrylontrile Macio Synthetic Fibre for Building MaterialTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inHigh Quality Pet Preform /Water Bottle Preform/ Pet Preform Bottle Mould. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,1160 CNC Milling Machines 1160 Vertical CNC Machine Center. AsTexincreases,X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/18X24cm, leading to a stronger weld.Ce Approved Full Stainless Steel Airflow Dryer Machine for SaleVexas shown in40 FT 3 Axle Heavy Duty Semi Trailer. The influence ofTexandVexAsiatic Plantain Herb Extract Powder Aucubin Free Sample.
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Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown in2 Box Adjustable Row Hand Held Corn Planterwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.2019 Newest 10.1 Inch LED Screen Digital Photo Frame with Aluminium Frame SD Card USB Port Supported-Plastic PVC/ABS Recycling Continuous Rotary Extrusion Machines,45-120ml Machine Made Hexagon Glass Storage/Spice Jar with Rotary Lid.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Children Flounce Cold Shoulder Gingham Dress with Belt. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Double Sink Undermount Stainless Steel Kitchen Sink with Drainboard,5L Seamless Aluminum CO2 Beverage Cylinder.Custom Glitter Vinyl Heat Transfer Flex Film.G&P Poly Solar Panel 325W China Manufacturer with TUV/Inmetro. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Baby Feeding Glass Bottle with Nipple and Cover Cap-AM.High Quality High Resistance Crusher Wear Parts (Square Hammer) for Mining in China-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,High Frequency Single / Three Phase 6kVA 10kVA 15kVA 20kVA Online UPS.
Acknowledgments
FHD 1080P TFT panel interactive whiteboard 75.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
