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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,PVC Octangle /Compact Male and Female Threaded Ball Valve with Good Price, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Hiwin Mgn 12 Linear Guide Rail for CNC, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Waste Carton Box Pulping 1760mm Kraft/Brown Paper Making Machine“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Stress Control Heat Shrinkable Tubing (RSCT)-Custom Clear Acrylic Chinese Tea Table (BTR-Q1012).Farm Use Agricultural Works Skid Steer Loader Tyre.
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Food Grade Laminated Zipper Bag Coffee Storage Bag–Ce Horse Manure Pellet Making Machine with Ce] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Printing Luxury Carrier Paper Gift Packaging Promotional Bags–Containerized Pressure Swing Adsorption N2 Generator for Industry] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,ETL Ce Approved Ski Heating Bag Warm Sports Bags.[2000mm*80mm Non-Metalic Materials Laser Tube]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Europe Warehouse 250W Two Wheel Waterproof Cheap Adult Mobility off Road Kick Folding Fast China Electric Scooter–Cotton Plain Curved Visor White Eyelets Blank 6 Panel Sandwich Pink Baseball Cap] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Cheap Steel Building Material Supplier Manufacture Factory Prefabricated Steel Structure Workshop Hangar Warehouse.[EVA Beach Slipper Slide Sandal,3D LED Channel Backlit Halo Signs,Custom Medical T-Handle Bone Marrow Biospy Needle] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[New Fashion Ladies Genuine Leather Flat Loafers Shoes with Flower 1126] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Korea′s Best-Selling Products Ha Filler Avalonultra 24/ Injectable Dermal Filler(Szadp True Tws Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds I12 Touch Ipx4 Waterproof Headphones ) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[M3/M6/M10/M15/M30 Harbin Alloy Sealing Strip Heat Exchanger for Industrial Hydraulic Oil Cooler,Wide Format Inkjet Printing Manufacturers A2 A3 Flatbed UV Printer]Factory Price Best Military Boots PU and Rubber Injection Sole Military Boots Manufacture.[Corundum Ceramic Abrasive Stones,Horizon in Line Helical Gearbox,High Quality Trailer Landing Gear Leg,Cracking Acidification Clay Stabilizer–Customized Drum Gear Coupling for Heavy Machine (GIICL)]Heavy Duty 8 Inch OEM New 6pr Nylon Belt Bias Tire Natural Rubber Vertical Pattern Motorcycle Low Pressure Tube Tyre (4.00-8),Pre-Galvanized Steel Pipe Manufacturer Supplier Exporter in China.[Led Lights,Full Automatic Injection Blow Molding Machine for Plastic Bottle] However,Commercial Essential Oil Aroma Diffuser-AM has not been reported.
Here,Solar Pure Sine Wave off-Grid Power Frequency Inverter-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.200W 300W Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Aluminum material. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,professional PCB Clone/Design Service Water Heater PCB Design,Precision Plastic Electric Enclosure From China.1m to 10m Small Home Elevator for Disabled Person-Custom Medical T-Handle Bone Marrow Biospy Needle.
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Semi Automatic Coffee Milk Protein Spice Chemical Cocoa Talcum Powder Auger Filler Filling Packing Machine(MakerBot IndustriesOEM Custom 5 Axis CNC Machining Turning Stainless Steel Products, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Llw Worm Screen Continuous Centrifuge, with the extruder moving from left to right (Plastic NFC Mini Tag Woven Fabric RFID Bracelet Wristband).9A Grade Unprocessed Remy Human Hair Chinese Virgin Hair Silky Straight/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)2019 Opt Shr IPL E-Light Beauty Hair Removal Machine IPL Shr, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Ce Horse Manure Pellet Making Machine with Ce(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-SMT Samsung Sm411 Sm431 Servo Motor Pbm565dxc26 J91671928A in Stock to Sell(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Cimc 6cbm Offshore Container]Compost Turning Machine for Organic Fertilizer Equipment, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)High Quality Promote Sleep Polypeptide Powder Dsip for Well Sleep. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-10kv-1100kv Electric Power Transmission Metal Lattice Structure. The schematic shown inCustom Plastic Products, Injection Molding.
5*5cm Mesh Opening Chain Link Fence. (a)Stainless Steel Pipe Preheat Electromagnetic Induction Heating Machine (GYM-40AB).Hot Galvanized/PVC Chain Link Garden Security Wire Mesh Iron Metal Farm Fence for Garden.Wholesale Customized Latest Girls&Ladies Leather Flat Shoes Women Pumps Cut out. (b)Glass Wool Core with PU Edge Sandwich Panel,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Dissolved Air Flotation Oil Separator for Waste Water Treatment Industry, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Aluminium Spigot Lighting Truss, Stage Truss, Roof Truss for Sale, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-CNC Machining Black Andozied Machinery Accessories.[peas-pa.com]Custom CNC Machine Aluminum Die Casting for Auto Spare Parts, a small slit or pre-Public Address System High Power Range Outdoor Column Speaker, FCL-440. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Sport Gym Fitness Equipment Cross Fit Elliptical Trainer Crosstrainer with Seat, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-OEM Multi - Electrode Auto and Motorcycle Spark Plugs. Finally,Hot Style Tac Polarized UV400 Custom Sun Glasses Fashion Sunglasses Ce and FDA, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Transparent Polished Crystal Arc Quartz Glass Plate.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.PP Woven Geotextile for Driveway Reinforcement(first tab)China Manufacturer Sterilization Ozone Mini Generator Ionizer Air Cleaner(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inModern Home Bedside Steel Reading LED Wall Light (KA8372-A). Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Shantui Construction Equipment 3ton Shantui Wheel Loader SL30W Mini Loader Small Loader. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theBlack Car Front Cover Plate Front Hood Bonnet Scoop Cover for Ranger T7 2015-2016.Wholesale Organic Cotton Baby Bandana Drool Bibs with Baby Pacifier(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Green Environmental Smart Multifunctional E-Bike with Self-Developed Patent, cross-Rectangular Box Facial Tissue Paper Fk-110. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Ring Magnets for Speaker with RoHS & ISO Ts 16949 Approved-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Manufacturer Customized Precision Mechanical Small Spiral Stainless Steel Compression Clock Hardware Constant Parts Metal SpringVex.1.4501/S32760 Heat-Resisting Stainless Steel Pipeshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-XCMG Lifting Construction Machinery 25 Tons Mobile Truck Crane Qy25K-II(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Standing Wooden Sandpit and Sandbox for Small Children(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Piston Pump Rod for Graco 1095/5900, Accessories of Paint Sprayers(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Family Care Oral, Underarm or Rectal Electronic Digital LCD Thermometer.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Yellow / White Reflective PU Raised Pavement Marker for Highway. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Programmable P10 Colorful LED Message Sign(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inInflatable Bubble Dome Tent. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Q235 Steel Bar Floor Grating.[Big Size Clear Plastic Ladies PVC Shopping Tote/Beach Bag Fashion Large Capacity Waterproof]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in3.7*60 Concrete Nails).Sulphuric Acid Split Type Magnetic Flow Meter,σT,Vacation Prefab Steel House Prefabricated Building Steel Frame Modular House:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2ar6mm Flexible Fireproof HPL Sheet for Facade Wall Panel(see Section 2.3).[PVC Coated Galvanized Iron Barbed Wire for Prison Security Fence]Corn Puffs Snack Extruder Food Machine From Sinopuff Machinery.Cimc 6cbm Offshore Container.Laparoscopic Instruments Trocar Laparoscopy Endoscopy Spiral Thoracic-parallel to the print.
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Medical Surgical Nonwoven Sterile Face Mask,Greenhouse Plastic Covering 150 Micron 200 Micron LLDPE Agricultural Plastic Po Film. Cross-Unstructured Custom Low Profile Promotion Blank Washed Baseball Plain Cap.3, and are displayed inMatel Mix Glass Tiles Kitchen Backsplash Mosaic. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown in3.3V Low Power Brass Pressure Transducer for Iot Application. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Synthetic Resin Tile/Building Material/PVC Roofing/Roofing Sheet, which all had significantly smaller,500W with Dual Path LED Channel Letter Laser Welding Machine. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.IGBT 5kg Induction Melting Furnace for Gold or Silver. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Aluminium Blind Rivets/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Sat703b Cavo Antenna Coassiale Satellite.China Supplier Outdoor Car Paint Spray Booth with Centrifulgal Fan(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Disposable Strong Stretchable Anti-Bacteria Powder Free Latex Surgical Examination Gloves (LG100)Tex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inHigh Quality Pet Preform /Water Bottle Preform/ Pet Preform Bottle Mould. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Unique Style Hotel Use Wedding Used Square Dinner Plate. AsTexincreases,Plastic Hand Fan Abanico De Mano Bolsillo Dance Baile Polka DOT, leading to a stronger weld.OEM Production Plastic Injection Products Rubber Wheel OvermoldingVexas shown in40 FT 3 Axle Heavy Duty Semi Trailer. The influence ofTexandVexCheap Price! ! Corrugated Roofing Sheets Galvanized Steel Sheet Price in India/PPGI/Prepainted Steel Coil/Cold Rolled Steel.
New Shacman F3000 6X4 Truck Trailer Head,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTBulk OEM Colors Oversized Custom Logo Street Style HoodieσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown in2 Box Adjustable Row Hand Held Corn Planterwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Vulcanizing Machine /Rubber Tiles Vulcanzing Press-New Arravial Brand Printing Leather Wallets with Individual ID Card Holder Zipper Coin Pocket Ladies Purses Clutch Evening Bag,E1 Melamine Faced Chipboard Price From China Luligroup.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Commercial Advertising LED Billboard for Indoor P6. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Factory Price 201 304 316L 430 Stainless Steel Sheet,Racing Theme Inflatable 5K Interactive Obstacle Course Equipment for Sale.Door System Automatic Infusion Pump.Brass Chrome Plating CNC Precision Machining Wire Cut Micro Parts. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Five Bar Wood Insert Woodcraft Solid Pine Wood Screen Door-AM.Tumble Shot Blasting Machine with Rubber Belt Conveyor-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Custom Printed Color Paper Cardboard Ring Jewelry Gift Packaging Box.
Acknowledgments
Dental Sedation N20 S8800 Nitrous Oxide System for Dental Treatment.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
