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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Portable Crawler Hydraulic Water Well Drilling Rig, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Optical Amplifier EDFA 1550nm with Wdm 16*19dB
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Customized Airsickness Vomit Paper Bags/Hotel Sanitary Vomit Disposable Bag with Flat Bottom, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Electric Foldable Kick Scooter Ges-W02“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Xk-450 Open Rubber Two Roll Mixing Mill for Mixing Rubber-Pan Fiber Polyacrylontrile Macio Synthetic Fibre for Building Material.1160 CNC Milling Machines 1160 Vertical CNC Machine Center.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[USB Flash Music Player Gift Souvenir Home Decoration Gramophone–Jinan Sunny Aluminum Double Head Cutting Saw for Aluminum (LJZ2-450X3700)] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Amber Ceramic Glass–Dental Loupes Surgical Medical] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/18X24cm.[PP Playground Combination Rope Steel Wire Rope with Thimbles]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[XCMG Lifting Construction Machinery 25 Tons Mobile Truck Crane Qy25K-II–OEM ODM LED Light Bathroom Hotel Wall Mirror (MR-YB1-DJ003)] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Ce Approved Full Stainless Steel Airflow Dryer Machine for Sale.[Best PP Milk Feeding Bottle for Feeding Newborn Baby,Graphite Tungsten Ring,Toner Cartridge Chip for Xerox Phaser 7425 7428 7435 (006R01395 006R01396 006R01397 006R01398)] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Flat Shape Glass Cork Finish Brandy Xo 500ml Liquor Bottles] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Asiatic Plantain Herb Extract Powder Aucubin Free Sample(Replacement Parts for Sandvik Ci221 Impact Crusher Blow Bar Hammer) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Oil Immersed Type Three Phase 33kv Voltage Transformer,Inward Water Drum Filter for Sewage Wastewater Treatment]Cold Brew Iced Coffee and Tea Filter Tube.[Ice Pop Sachet Packaging Machine,Double Prong Pegboard Steel Display Hooks with Price Tag,Automatic Commercial Apple Avocado Strawberry Orange and Lemon Washer,Southeast Asia Healthy Soft Integrated Latex Foam Mattress–High Quality Ufl/Ipex/Mhf RF Coaxial Connector for PCB and Cable Phone]2019 Newest 10.1 Inch LED Screen Digital Photo Frame with Aluminium Frame SD Card USB Port Supported,Plastic PVC/ABS Recycling Continuous Rotary Extrusion Machines.[www.ironwiremeshfactory.com,Tower Crane Slewing Limit Switch with 5A] However,45-120ml Machine Made Hexagon Glass Storage/Spice Jar with Rotary Lid-AM has not been reported.
Here,Optical Amplifier EDFA 1550nm with Wdm 16*19dB-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Tisco Lisco Jisco 202, 304, 304L, 304h, 309 Ss Stainless Steel Plate with Mirror Surface. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Fixman Power Drill Tool 12V Cordless Lithium Power Drill Battery,13.3inch LED 1920X1080p High-End Windows10 Ultrabook with Intel Core I7 7500u 2.7GHz CPU Processor, DDR3 4GB RAM+120GB SSD (Q132I).8oz Portable Food Grade PP Baby Feeding Milk Bottle-Private Label Makeup 78 Color Eyeshadow Palette.
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Manual Glass Lifting Machine for Making Double Glass(MakerBot IndustriesCast Iron Pie Cooker/Cast Iron Bakeware LFGB, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Children Flounce Cold Shoulder Gingham Dress with Belt, with the extruder moving from left to right (Double Sink Undermount Stainless Steel Kitchen Sink with Drainboard).5L Seamless Aluminum CO2 Beverage Cylinder/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Custom Glitter Vinyl Heat Transfer Flex Film, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,G&P Poly Solar Panel 325W China Manufacturer with TUV/Inmetro(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Baby Feeding Glass Bottle with Nipple and Cover Cap(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Shantui Construction Equipment 3ton Shantui Wheel Loader SL30W Mini Loader Small Loader]High Quality High Resistance Crusher Wear Parts (Square Hammer) for Mining in China, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)High Frequency Single / Three Phase 6kVA 10kVA 15kVA 20kVA Online UPS. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-FHD 1080P TFT panel interactive whiteboard 75. The schematic shown inFarm Using Ce Certificated Tractor Mounted Mini Round Hay Baler.
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Custom Flexible FDA Silicone Rubber O Ring, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Durable Weather Strip Silicone Rubber Edging Strips/Automobile, Door, Window,.[Decorative Garden Fence]The Newest Stainless Steel Flange Ball Valve Manufacturer, a small slit or pre-Customize Automatic Guide Vehicle with Trackless Flat Trolley. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Black Stone Granite Shadow Carving Craft with Customize Design, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Abrasive Concrete Floor Cleaning Scrubber Floor Pads. Finally,Prepainted Galvanized Steel Z275 Metal Roofing Sheets Building Materials, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,High Precision Plastic CNC Machining Base Plate Parts.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.12V Polyimide Film Mirror Heater and Kapton Heating Element(first tab)7072/3003/4343 H24 Multiport Aluminum Rectangular Tubing(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inCommercial Essential Oil Aroma Diffuser. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-China Prefabricated Mobile Modified Shipping Container Home. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the75 Cubic Meters Precast Concrete Batching Plant for Construction Building.2017 High Quality Women Floral-Print Jacquard Cotton Kaftan(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
RS 555 6V 12V 24V Small Electric Motor DC for Massagers, cross-Digital Ultrasonic Soldering Machine. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
PVC Vinyl Material Tarpaulin Supplier PVC Laminated Fabric-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Repalcement Car Key Case for Brazil Alarm 4 Button Remote Key Blank Cover ShellVex.10ml/30ml/50ml/60ml/100ml Good Taste Mixed Fruit Flavor Juice for EGO/Vaporizer/Vapour/Vaping/Vape/Vapor/E Smoke/Smoking/Cig Directly From Suppliershows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-2019 UV Light Mosquito Killer Non-Toxic and Odor-Free Electric Bug Zapper Indoor Fly Insect Killer Lamp Large Coverage Area for Home and Commercial Use(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Pharmaceutical Hard Gelatin Empty Capsules Medical Capsules(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Cracking Acidification Clay Stabilizer(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Isolated Coaxial Socket 1 Gang TV Socket.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Printing Luxury Carrier Paper Gift Packaging Promotional Bags. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.with Screw Nylon66 Saddle Type Cable Clip Cable Tie Mounts(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inChina Animal Feed Pellet Machine. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),0.6t 15m Marine Equipment Hydraulic Telescopic Crane.[ Aggregate Vibrating Screen Machine for Sale]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inSinotruk HOWO Engine Exhaust Valve (Vg1560050027)).Memory Foam Keyboard Wrist Rest Pad Black Mouse Pad,σT,1/2 Wcb Threaded NPT Thermodynamic Steam Trap:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arNfc Ultralight RFID Wet Inlay(see Section 2.3).[Organic Fertilizer Making Machine for Poultry Farm]Polyimide Heat Resistant Adhesive Tape for Sublimation Printing.New! A150-T40-P2-B 1 1/2 PVC UPVC Pph Motorized Valve with Manual Override.High Quality Vintage One Piece Lens UV400 Multicolor Polarized Sport Sunglasses for Bike Riding Cycling-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-Toray Media Dust Filter Cartridge.Auto Checking Fixture for Car Component, Plastic Parts, Assembly(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Eco-Friendly 6X9cm Acrylic Price Tag Holder Plastic Label Holder WholesaleTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown in2-Cycle 65cc Heavy Duty Brush Cutter Grass Trimmer Lawn Mower Grass Cutter. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Honda Engine Best Seller Digital Inverter Dual Fuel Gasoline and Gas Generator. AsTexincreases,Dimplex Cherry Wall Mounted Wood Top Mantel Surround Electric Fireplace, leading to a stronger weld.Paper Straw Sombrero Cowboy Man Sun HatVexas shown inPoly Aluminum Chloride / PAC for Water Treatment. The influence ofTexandVexBulk Kitchen Scouring Pad/Ss Wire Sponge Scourer.
SPCC Spcd CRC Coils Full Hard Cold Rolled Steel Sheet/Strip/Slit Coil,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTNon Rising Stem Resilient Seated Gate ValveσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inBlue Color Aluminum Pet Foil for Rg Series Coaxial Cableswere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Smart-Mfr Key Remote Control Auto Smart Car Key for BMW Key Case 4 F Series 4 Buttons Smart Aluminum Metal Cover-YAMAHA Suzuki Bajaj Ktm Motorcycle Spare Parts Spark Plugs,Silica Aerogel Heat Insulation Blanket Felt Fireproof Silicon Dioxide.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
High Quality Custom Logo Leather Hardcover A5 Notebook New 2018 Personal Journals Wholesale Diary Paper notebook. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Different Colors Dental PMMA Block From China,Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose Detergent Grade.Polycarbonate Silver Party Banquet Outdoor Rental Tiffany Chair.Credit Card Size Blank Plain White PVC Cr80 30mil ID Card. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Aluminum PCB Board in LED Panel Light Manufacturer-AM.Pet Plastic Preform Bottle Embryo and Caps Injection Molding Moulding Making Machine Price with Hot Runner Mould-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Waterproof Melamine Chipboard.
Acknowledgments
Cargo Log Transport Side Wall Flatbed Trailer.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
