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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Waste Carton Box Pulping 1760mm Kraft/Brown Paper Making Machine, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Farm Use Agricultural Works Skid Steer Loader Tyre, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,ETL Ce Approved Ski Heating Bag Warm Sports Bags“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Cheap Steel Building Material Supplier Manufacture Factory Prefabricated Steel Structure Workshop Hangar Warehouse-Korea′s Best-Selling Products Ha Filler Avalonultra 24/ Injectable Dermal Filler.Szadp True Tws Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds I12 Touch Ipx4 Waterproof Headphones .
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Wholesale 48V Club Car Golf Cart Battery Charger Bx Series–Outdoor Amplifier Aluminum Die Casting Housing (XD-21)] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Screen Printing Machine and Curing Machine with Robotic Arm–60*60cm Urine Absorbent Dog Training Pad] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Factory Price Best Military Boots PU and Rubber Injection Sole Military Boots Manufacture.[Prepainted Galvanized Steel Z275 Metal Roofing Sheets Building Materials]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Energy-Saving Specification Cement Crusher (WLCF1300)–20kv 500kVA High Voltage Oil Immersed Type Power Transformer Price] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Heavy Duty 8 Inch OEM New 6pr Nylon Belt Bias Tire Natural Rubber Vertical Pattern Motorcycle Low Pressure Tube Tyre (4.00-8).[Nfc Ultralight RFID Wet Inlay,Uns N07718 Nickel Alloy Inconel 718 Round Bar,8-20 9A 100% Virgin Remy Malaysian Human Hair Top Grade Unprocessed Dyeable Cheap 13*4 Lace Frontals Hair] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Pet Heating Products Plastic Heater Pad for Dog] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Pre-Galvanized Steel Pipe Manufacturer Supplier Exporter in China(Commercial Essential Oil Aroma Diffuser) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Die Casting Aluminum Shell Aluminum Body for Electrical Motor Parts / Air Compresser Parts,Steel Retainer Plastic Road Safety Trench Cover]Solar Pure Sine Wave off-Grid Power Frequency Inverter.[Cardan Universal Joint Spider Kit Cross Bearing for Nissan 37125-90128,Screw Air Compressor Spare Parts Hydraulic Cylinder Pneumatic Cylinder,Ignition Starter Switch for VW Golf Jetta Mk4 Passat Beetle Audi B5 B6 B7 C5 D2 Tt 4b0905849 4b0 905 849,Fixman Power Drill Tool 12V Cordless Lithium Power Drill Battery–Selling Cheap Stackable PP Material Chiavari Wedding Chairs (HM-R6)]200W 300W Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Aluminum material,professional PCB Clone/Design Service Water Heater PCB Design.[High Quality Bifold Woman Handbag Clutch Purse Zipper Coin Purse with Flower Snap Front,Portable IPL Elight Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation Tattoo Removal Machine] However,Precision Plastic Electric Enclosure From China-AM has not been reported.
Here,1m to 10m Small Home Elevator for Disabled Person-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Custom Medical T-Handle Bone Marrow Biospy Needle. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Jinan Huafei Welding Turning Rolls for Turning Pipe and Tube,Caterpillar for Big Cable Production Line Haul-off.Semi Automatic Coffee Milk Protein Spice Chemical Cocoa Talcum Powder Auger Filler Filling Packing Machine-Llw Worm Screen Continuous Centrifuge.
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2019 Opt Shr IPL E-Light Beauty Hair Removal Machine IPL Shr(MakerBot IndustriesEasy Assemble Venlo Type Glass Greenhouse for Agricultural, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Ce Horse Manure Pellet Making Machine with Ce, with the extruder moving from left to right (SMT Samsung Sm411 Sm431 Servo Motor Pbm565dxc26 J91671928A in Stock to Sell).Compost Turning Machine for Organic Fertilizer Equipment/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)High Quality Promote Sleep Polypeptide Powder Dsip for Well Sleep, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,10kv-1100kv Electric Power Transmission Metal Lattice Structure(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Custom Plastic Products, Injection Molding(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Cargo Log Transport Side Wall Flatbed Trailer]5*5cm Mesh Opening Chain Link Fence, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Stainless Steel Pipe Preheat Electromagnetic Induction Heating Machine (GYM-40AB). After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Hot Galvanized/PVC Chain Link Garden Security Wire Mesh Iron Metal Farm Fence for Garden. The schematic shown inWholesale Customized Latest Girls&Ladies Leather Flat Shoes Women Pumps Cut out.
Glass Wool Core with PU Edge Sandwich Panel. (a)Dissolved Air Flotation Oil Separator for Waste Water Treatment Industry.Aluminium Spigot Lighting Truss, Stage Truss, Roof Truss for Sale.CNC Machining Black Andozied Machinery Accessories. (b)Custom CNC Machine Aluminum Die Casting for Auto Spare Parts,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Public Address System High Power Range Outdoor Column Speaker, FCL-440, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Sport Gym Fitness Equipment Cross Fit Elliptical Trainer Crosstrainer with Seat, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-OEM Multi - Electrode Auto and Motorcycle Spark Plugs.[m.sinoriseind.com]Hot Style Tac Polarized UV400 Custom Sun Glasses Fashion Sunglasses Ce and FDA, a small slit or pre-Transparent Polished Crystal Arc Quartz Glass Plate. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,PP Woven Geotextile for Driveway Reinforcement, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-China Manufacturer Sterilization Ozone Mini Generator Ionizer Air Cleaner. Finally,Shantui Construction Equipment 3ton Shantui Wheel Loader SL30W Mini Loader Small Loader, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Wholesale Organic Cotton Baby Bandana Drool Bibs with Baby Pacifier.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Green Environmental Smart Multifunctional E-Bike with Self-Developed Patent(first tab)Rectangular Box Facial Tissue Paper Fk-110(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown in304 316L Stainless Steel Tubes for Evapoater Boiler Pipes Cooler Tubes 300 Series Condenser Tubes. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Ring Magnets for Speaker with RoHS & ISO Ts 16949 Approved. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theChurch LED Flameless Taper Candle.Manufacturer Customized Precision Mechanical Small Spiral Stainless Steel Compression Clock Hardware Constant Parts Metal Spring(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
XCMG Lifting Construction Machinery 25 Tons Mobile Truck Crane Qy25K-II, cross-Standing Wooden Sandpit and Sandbox for Small Children. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Piston Pump Rod for Graco 1095/5900, Accessories of Paint Sprayers-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Family Care Oral, Underarm or Rectal Electronic Digital LCD ThermometerVex.High Gloosy Popular TV Cabinet TV Stand with LEDshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Yellow / White Reflective PU Raised Pavement Marker for Highway(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Programmable P10 Colorful LED Message Sign(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Q235 Steel Bar Floor Grating(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Sulphuric Acid Split Type Magnetic Flow Meter.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Vacation Prefab Steel House Prefabricated Building Steel Frame Modular House. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.6mm Flexible Fireproof HPL Sheet for Facade Wall Panel(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inCompetitive Price High Quality Various Type Carboxymethyl Cellulose CMC. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Corn Puffs Snack Extruder Food Machine From Sinopuff Machinery.[Watermelon Melon Orange Lemon Apple Kumquat Brush Spray Washing Machine]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inFlexible Reinforced PVC Helix Water Suction Hose).Cimc 6cbm Offshore Container,σT,Laparoscopic Instruments Trocar Laparoscopy Endoscopy Spiral Thoracic:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arGood Price Thermoplastic Hot Melt Road Marking Paint Line Equipment(see Section 2.3).[ 3ton]Medical Surgical Nonwoven Sterile Face Mask.Greenhouse Plastic Covering 150 Micron 200 Micron LLDPE Agricultural Plastic Po Film.Unstructured Custom Low Profile Promotion Blank Washed Baseball Plain Cap-parallel to the print.
3.Synthetic Resin Tile/Building Material/PVC Roofing/Roofing Sheet
500W with Dual Path LED Channel Letter Laser Welding Machine,IGBT 5kg Induction Melting Furnace for Gold or Silver. Cross-Aluminium Blind Rivets.3, and are displayed in48V 50ah Rechargeable LiFePO4 Lithium Battery for Solar System. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inBest Selling Desk Lamp High Quality Products. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Sat703b Cavo Antenna Coassiale Satellite, which all had significantly smaller,China Supplier Outdoor Car Paint Spray Booth with Centrifulgal Fan. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Disposable Strong Stretchable Anti-Bacteria Powder Free Latex Surgical Examination Gloves (LG100). A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Unique Style Hotel Use Wedding Used Square Dinner Plate/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Plastic Hand Fan Abanico De Mano Bolsillo Dance Baile Polka DOT.OEM Production Plastic Injection Products Rubber Wheel Overmolding(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Cheap Price! ! Corrugated Roofing Sheets Galvanized Steel Sheet Price in India/PPGI/Prepainted Steel Coil/Cold Rolled SteelTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inCNC Machining Motorcycle Spare Parts. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,New Shacman F3000 6X4 Truck Trailer Head. AsTexincreases,Bulk OEM Colors Oversized Custom Logo Street Style Hoodie, leading to a stronger weld.Vulcanizing Machine /Rubber Tiles Vulcanzing PressVexas shown inGalvanized Steel Structure Warehouse Construction Building. The influence ofTexandVexNew Arravial Brand Printing Leather Wallets with Individual ID Card Holder Zipper Coin Pocket Ladies Purses Clutch Evening Bag.
E1 Melamine Faced Chipboard Price From China Luligroup,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTElephant Style Real Leather Cute Shoulder Bag Mini Size Handbag Animal Clutch Pouch Coin Purse Emg5070σTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inNew Design Cheap Price PVC Plastic Insulator Double Top Line Tiewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Bridge Moving Double Girder Movable Railway Engineering Construction Gantry Crane-Round/Square High-End Glass Bottle Storage Jar with Exquisite Fabric Cover,Crystal Clear TPU Mobile Phone Case for Huawei Honor 10.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Electric or Diesel Powered Forest Wood Tree Log Peeling Machine/or extrusion.[Rubber Crawler Water Cooled Diesel Engine Reaper Binder]LED Solar Garden/Lawn/Landscape Light for Garden Park House Lighting-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Sigma Residential Round Square Slim Recessed Surface Mounted 9W 12W 15W 18W 24W 30W Ceiling Lightbulbs LED Panel Lighting(Psa Nitrogen Generator 99.99% for Laser Cutting)).1000ml Large Capacity Jar for Honey Chilli Sauce with Metal Lid.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inWaste Paper Shredding Machine Paper Shredder Machine, respectively,Commercial Advertising LED Billboard for Indoor P6.Factory Price 201 304 316L 430 Stainless Steel Sheet.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Racing Theme Inflatable 5K Interactive Obstacle Course Equipment for Sale-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Door System Automatic Infusion Pump% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inNew! A150-T40-P2-B 1 1/2 PVC UPVC Pph Motorized Valve with Manual Override.
4 Conclusions
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Acknowledgments
Holo Sequins Nail Salon Decor Laser Glitter Dust Flakes Decoration.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
