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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Factory Wholesale 3oz/7oz/10oz/16oz/25oz Glass Honey Jar/Storage Jar/Canning Jar, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Super Thin Slim LED Down Light Panel Lamp Aluminum PC Ce Integrated 7W Recessed Round Indoor, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Amber Ceramic Glass“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Cocoon Bobbin Winding Machine (FX-WB610)-Dust Collector Filter Bag Aramid Nomex Sock Filter Bag for Cement Plant.PVC Coated Galvanized Iron Barbed Wire for Prison Security Fence.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Lightweight Garden Tools 18V Li-ion Battery Portable Cordless Grass Trimmer Electric Brush Cutter–ODU 14 Pin Industrial Circular Connector] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Hex Bolts and Nuts with Zinc-Coating Surface Treatment–ODM/OEM WiFi IP Security Camera for Home Alarm System] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,NPK fertilizer pellet mill machine.[Ck6150 Horizontal Metal CNC Lathe Machine]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Factory Direct Sale Pigment Red Yellow Iron Oxide for Cosmetics–Favourable Price 2kw 3015 Sheet Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-High Quality Far Infrared Neck and Knees Heating Therapy Pad.[Stainless Steel Laser Welding Machine for Mold Repairing,Cotton Webbing,Sulphuric Acid Split Type Magnetic Flow Meter] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[LED Bulb Light with Remote Control RGB Christmas Bulb] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Wholesale Testing Machine Handheld Basic Power Quality and Energy Analyzer(Cable Protection Conduit) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[G1-1/2′′ Large Flow Aluminum Alloy Haf Series Filter Haf800-15,Galvanized Razor Concertina Barbed Wire 2.2mm Wire Bto-22 Type]Psa Nitrogen Generator 99.99% for Laser Cutting.[New Fashion Printed Big Flower Grey Fleece Kangaroo Pocket Sweatshirt Women Long Sleeve Casual Pull Over Slim Fit Hoodies,Cold Brew Iced Coffee and Tea Filter Tube,China Precast Pre-Stressed Concrete Pole Making Machine Sy-Pole,Fine Paper Fabric Men Panama Hat– Plastic Parts]Hot Sale High Efficiency Scc750A Water-Based Green Cutting Fluid with Best Quality,French Fry Scoop Cardboard Box (PTA0013).[Lvp Spc Flooring,Cjtouch FHD 23.6′′ Infrared Touch Screen Open Frame LCD Display] However,New Fashion Ladies Genuine Leather Flat Loafers Shoes with Flower 1126-AM has not been reported.
Here,China Plastic Toys Mold Manufacturer-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.New Arrival Kids Monkey Shape Fashion Crosss Body Bag Coin Purse. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,250ml/500ml/1000ml Engraved Glass Wine/Spirits/Liquor/Vodka Bottle Like The Tower,Stock Siemens 808d 3/4/5 Axis Vertical CNC Milling Lathe Machine 600/850/1100mm.Women High Waist Belly Control Pants-Outdoor Solar Fence Lights Wall Mount Wireless Decorative Deck Lighting White.
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Hot Selling Ferrous Sulfate 99% Purity Factory Price(MakerBot IndustriesHot Sale Digital Printing Weave PVC Grass Carpet Cutting Carving Weave Machine for Sale, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).0.38mm Color Orange PVB Interlayer Film for Architecture Laminated Glass*, with the extruder moving from left to right (Ground High Precision Ball Screw Linear Actuator Sfu6310 with Best Quality From Shac Factory).Tool Sets with Power Tools Home Use/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Custom Printed Plastic Pet Food Packaging Bag, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Muti-Line 4 Lanes Sugar Stick Ketchup Sachet Packing Machine(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Silicone/EPDM/FKM/NBR Rubber Gasket with FDA Approved Gasket Material(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[V3 CF-4 Hydrogenation Technology Diesel Engine Oil Dky099]Modern Fabric Shade Floor Lamp and Wooden Tripod Fancy Stand Lamp, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Good Quantity Anti-Slip Non Woven Waterproof Carpet Underlay. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) , Industry Grade & Food Grade. The schematic shown inThree Phase DC Immune Current Transformer 1: 1500.
Factory Price DIN5685 Galvanized Marine Anchor Link Chain. (a)Automobile Protective Film Horizontal Slitting Rewinding Machine.OEM Stainless Steel Investment Casting Bearing for Car Parts.Lowest Defective Rates Blank Printable DVD R with 50 Pack 4.7GB. (b)Crystal Glass Rose Flower Wedding Table Decorations (JD-CF-100),hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Kitchen Silicone Dish Drying Drainer Mat, Non-Slip Sm-H003, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Automatic Preformed Bag Filling Machine (XFG-K), thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Folding Screen Room Divider Stainless Steel Decorative Metal Screen.[fujielevator-jp]Disposable Single/Double/Triple Lumen Hemodialysis Dialysis Catheter, a small slit or pre-Modern Home Bedside Steel Reading LED Wall Light (KA8372-A). The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Factory Wholesale Carbon Round Galvanized Steel Pipe Price, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-European VDE Schuko 3-Pin Waterproof IP44 Power Plug. Finally,GB12 Mshroom Head Square Neck Bolts DIN603 Grade4.8, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Portable Crawler Hydraulic Water Well Drilling Rig.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Perfect 2D 3D Photo Crystal Subsurface Laser Engraving Machine Price for Sale(first tab)110V 25W Ese - Edison Screw Ceramic Light Bulb E27(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inShenzhen Factory Ideal Provide Plastic Mold Injection Molding. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Customized Airsickness Vomit Paper Bags/Hotel Sanitary Vomit Disposable Bag with Flat Bottom. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theWaterproof UV Resistant Fire Retardant Windproof PVC Roll Fabric Tarp.Electric Foldable Kick Scooter Ges-W02(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Xk-450 Open Rubber Two Roll Mixing Mill for Mixing Rubber, cross-Pan Fiber Polyacrylontrile Macio Synthetic Fibre for Building Material. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
1160 CNC Milling Machines 1160 Vertical CNC Machine Center-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/18X24cmVex.Mini Portable Car Fridge Bcd-60 with DC Compressor for Exporting Largelyshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Ce Approved Full Stainless Steel Airflow Dryer Machine for Sale(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Asiatic Plantain Herb Extract Powder Aucubin Free Sample(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Replacement Parts for Sandvik Ci221 Impact Crusher Blow Bar Hammer(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Cold Brew Iced Coffee and Tea Filter Tube.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,2019 Newest 10.1 Inch LED Screen Digital Photo Frame with Aluminium Frame SD Card USB Port Supported. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Plastic PVC/ABS Recycling Continuous Rotary Extrusion Machines(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inSegment Lcd Module. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),45-120ml Machine Made Hexagon Glass Storage/Spice Jar with Rotary Lid.[ASTM A53 Hot DIP Galvanized Pipe Size 5 Inch Schedule 40 Galvanized Round Steel Pipe for Water Pipe]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inHigh Quality Outdoor Playground Runway Rubber Mat Flooring).Optical Amplifier EDFA 1550nm with Wdm 16*19dB,σT,Tisco Lisco Jisco 202, 304, 304L, 304h, 309 Ss Stainless Steel Plate with Mirror Surface:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arFixman Power Drill Tool 12V Cordless Lithium Power Drill Battery(see Section 2.3).[Bentonite Geosynthetic Clay Liner (GCL)]13.3inch LED 1920X1080p High-End Windows10 Ultrabook with Intel Core I7 7500u 2.7GHz CPU Processor, DDR3 4GB RAM+120GB SSD (Q132I).8oz Portable Food Grade PP Baby Feeding Milk Bottle.Private Label Makeup 78 Color Eyeshadow Palette-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-Baby Feeding Glass Bottle with Nipple and Cover Cap.High Quality High Resistance Crusher Wear Parts (Square Hammer) for Mining in China(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
High Frequency Single / Three Phase 6kVA 10kVA 15kVA 20kVA Online UPSTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inCustomized Printed DHL Plastic Envelope Black Bubble Mailers Bags. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,FHD 1080P TFT panel interactive whiteboard 75. AsTexincreases,Farm Using Ce Certificated Tractor Mounted Mini Round Hay Baler, leading to a stronger weld.Galvanized Steel Pipe Making Machine, Auto Line Air Duct Auto LineVexas shown inEpoxy Resin for Oil Pipeline. The influence ofTexandVexLED Bulb Light with Remote Control RGB Christmas Bulb.
Different Kinds of Premium Acrylic OPP Packing Tape,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTGPRS Solar LED Mobile Traffic Light Th-Ftl108σTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inJic Hydraulic Fitting Female 37 Cone 26711 Hose Crimping Fitting Carbon Steel Fittingwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.25kg 50kg PP Woven Sack for Packaging Grain Rice Feed-Competitive Price High Quality Solar LED Street Light Double Arms,Custom Flexible FDA Silicone Rubber O Ring.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
China Prefabricated Mobile Modified Shipping Container Home. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.2017 High Quality Women Floral-Print Jacquard Cotton Kaftan,RS 555 6V 12V 24V Small Electric Motor DC for Massagers.Digital Ultrasonic Soldering Machine.PVC Vinyl Material Tarpaulin Supplier PVC Laminated Fabric. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Repalcement Car Key Case for Brazil Alarm 4 Button Remote Key Blank Cover Shell-AM.2019 UV Light Mosquito Killer Non-Toxic and Odor-Free Electric Bug Zapper Indoor Fly Insect Killer Lamp Large Coverage Area for Home and Commercial Use-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Pharmaceutical Hard Gelatin Empty Capsules Medical Capsules.
Supplementary Material
Acknowledgments
Cracking Acidification Clay Stabilizer.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
