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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Factory Direct Sell Various Styles Fashion Sport Kids Running Shoes, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
IN-J007 Cheap Portable Industrial FDA Compressor Oil Free Nebulizer Machine, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,YANMAR 4TNE94 Mini Excavator Engine Spare Parts Overhaul Gasket Kit“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.75 Cubic Meters Precast Concrete Batching Plant for Construction Building-CNC Machining Motorcycle Spare Parts.Afen Outdoor Smart Self Food Snack Vending Machine with Belt Conveyor.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[OEM Double Layer Wire Cable Reel Spool–Semi Automatic 20 Liter 5 Gallon Bucket Pet Jar Bottle Blowing Molding Machine] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Modern Fabric Shade Floor Lamp and Wooden Tripod Fancy Stand Lamp–Jar Barrel Bucket Cap Seal Cover Making Machine] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Portable IPL Elight Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation Tattoo Removal Machine.[Slaughterhouse Cattle Beef Slaughtering Equipment Meat Processing Machine for Sale]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Custom Printed Plastic Pet Food Packaging Bag–Sheet Metal Hydraulic Folding Machine] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Crossfit Gym Noise Reduction Rubber Gym Equipment Flooring.[Isolated Coaxial Socket 1 Gang TV Socket,LC APC Quad Fiber Optic Adapter with Shutter,Custom Clear Acrylic Chinese Tea Table (BTR-Q1012)] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Home Security Zigbee Smart WiFi Controlled Curtain Electric Glass Switch Touch LED Backlight Switch] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
YCOM 8X1 HDMI Switch 1080P Support 3D(Printed Custom Advertising Bridge Cards) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Eco-Friendly 6X9cm Acrylic Price Tag Holder Plastic Label Holder Wholesale,Top Selling Round Shape 350mA/700mA Wall Washer LED Step Light]Flexible MOQ Waterproof Personalized Printed Brand Logo Small Faux Leather Drawstring Bag Pouches.[Hot Hospital Medical Disposable Sterile Universal Pack Surgical Pack,Nordic Style Carving Porcelain Bowl Set Multiple Sizes Preservation Bowl with Sealing Cover Multiple Sizes,Commercial Laundry Equipment (Washer,Stainless Steel Movable Storage Tank for Cosmetics Chemicals with ASME Certificates–European VDE Schuko 3-Pin Waterproof IP44 Power Plug]Q67 Tws Earphone LED Digital Display Wireless Bluetooth 5.0 Headphone with 1500mAh Charging Case,High Quality Aluminium Foil for Pharmaceutical, Container, Household, Lamination, Embossing, Sealing, Coating (A8011, 1235, 11100, 8079, 8021).[Chlorine 70,Tungsten Carbide Knife Blades for Cutting Tools] However,Disposable Dental Anaesthesia Needle with Ce ISO Approved-AM has not been reported.
Here,Fast Food Packaging Fully Automatic Stripping Counting Stacking Roll Die Cutting Machine Fdq1100*780-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.PU Leather Cover Loose Sheets Note Book. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,High Strength Fire Resistant Silicone Coated Glass Fiber Cloth,High Precision Customized Medical Plastic Injection Mold for Centrifuge Tube.Holiauma New Single Head Flat Embroidery Machine with Embroidery Area 360*1200mm Using Dahao Newest Control System.-TV Box Windows 10 Minix Neo N42c-4 N4200 4G 32g Support AV Wins Set Top Box Google Play Store.
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Stainless Steel Union Type pneumatic Butterfly Valve with Control Head(MakerBot IndustriesQt8-15 Automatic Hydraulic Concrete Brick Making Machine, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Semi Automatic 20 Liter 5 Gallon Bucket Pet Jar Bottle Blowing Molding Machine, with the extruder moving from left to right (Dog Cat Pet Lice &Flea & Nit Removal Comb/Brush, Precision Spaced Stainless Steel Teeth Locked Into Sturdy Plastic Handle for Easy Cleaning).Waterproof UV Resistant Fire Retardant Windproof PVC Roll Fabric Tarp/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Bulk Washing Powder Detergent, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Y-Spring Threaded Check Valve, 800 Wog(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Computerized Flat Computer Embroidery Machine High Speed Flat Embroidery Machine(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Replacement Parts for Sandvik Ci221 Impact Crusher Blow Bar Hammer]Hot Sale Washing Machine Stainless Steel Floor Drain, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)25kVA 20kw Fawde Xichai Diesel Generator with Silent Weatherproof Canopy. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Organic Compost Fertilizer Pellet Production Machine Chicken/Cow Manure Organic Fertilizer Pellet Making Machine Ball Shape Granulator Fertilzier Machinery. The schematic shown inHumidifiers for Bedroom Ultrasonic Cool Mist Humidifiers with 300ml.
FF6b-600 Chili Sauce Filling Machine with Ce. (a)CNC Turning Stainless Steel Part with Precision Tolerance.Zoo-Tunes Portable Wireless Mini Character Speakers.Poultry Farming Equipment Poultry Battery Cages Chicken Cage for Hens. (b)Wholesale Vendors 100% Remy Natural Double Drawn Mink Raw Virgin Extension Human Bundle Cuticle Aligned Brazilian Hair,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)PTFE Tube, Teflon Tube, PTFE Tubing, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,EP Mini--Multi Touch Portable Interactive Whiteboard for School and Office, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Cheapest Constuction Safety Shoes Foot Wear for Men.[Bcdmh 32718-18-6]Commercial Laundry Equipment (Washer, dryer, ironer, folder), a small slit or pre-Diameter 12.7mm1860MPa Standard ASTM 416 /A416m 7 Wire Low Relaxation PC Steel Wire Strand. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Good Quality Spandex Chair Cover for Sale, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Dahepack Spice Bottle Filling Machine Powder Filling Machine. Finally,OEM Custom Cheap 4 Axis CNC Milling Turning Machining Parts, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Emcpioneer MRI Shield Door for Faraday Cage.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Health Care Product Disposable Paper Medical Wound Measuring Ruler(first tab)Mounting Bracket Metal Bracket with Low Price(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inStationary Polyester Felt or Wool Elastic Closure A4 File Folder. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-High Quality Non Asbestos Rubber for Gasket O Ring. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theSecurity Padlock.5 Inch Colorful Fire Resistant EPDM Double Jacket Water Hose(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
165mm X 60# Abrasive Flap Wheel with Wooden Center, cross-Fire Proof Home & Office Safes with Electronic Lock. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Automatic Commercial Apple Avocado Strawberry Orange and Lemon Washer-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Cvkr Silent Check Valve Dn350Vex.Advanced Custom CNC Machined Stainless Steel Hexagonal Shear Boltshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-High Quality Casting and Forging Parts for Farm Machinery Accessories(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.High Quality Waterproof UHF RFID Button PPS Laundry Tags for Laundry Management(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Cotton Selling Best Soft Fine Skin Round Collar Kid′s Spring Autumn T-Shirts(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.White Powder/Granule Aluminium Sulphate for Water Treatment.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,HDPE Skew 45 Degree Drainage Pipe Fitting Sewage Tee. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Bom Tyre Tire Curing Presses with ISO BV SGS(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inWindows and Door Frame Industrial Aluminium Profile 6063 / 6061. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Galvanized Iron Wire Bwg-20.[Ca Approved Euro Standard Fire Ball Extinguisher 1.3kg Fire Ball Machine Fire Ball Extinguisher Afo]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in10kv-1100kv Electric Power Transmission Metal Lattice Structure).Small Messenger Bag, Mens Shoulder Bags for Work, School, Daily Use,σT,Hexagonal Galvanized Gabion Box Stone Cage Mesh for River Bank Protect:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arDigital Programmable Wireless WiFi Temperature Controller for Boiler(see Section 2.3).[Wire Mesh Gravity Feed Bottle Shelves Pusher]Top Selling Round Shape 350mA/700mA Wall Washer LED Step Light.48V 50ah Rechargeable LiFePO4 Lithium Battery for Solar System.Spacer CNC Machining Parts-parallel to the print.
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Fuel Filter Oil Filter Aluminum Base Mounts Dahl Baldwin Diesel Fuel Water Separator Racor Filter Paker Aluminum Cast Oil Filter Seating Housing,Low MOQ Pullover Men Spring Blank Sweatshirt Good Quality Men Hoodies. Cross-0.8ml New Mini E Cig with Custom Package.3, and are displayed inISO Certified Steel Cord Rubber Conveyor Belt. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inOEM Design 3D Cartoon Soft PVC Metal Bookmark Paper Clip for Gifts. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Hot Sale Machine CNC Milling Machine Center 5-Axis, CNC Machining Center, High Speed, High Precision, High Quality (DU650), which all had significantly smaller,AG-Obt001b Over Bed Table. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.300kg/H PP PE Pet Bottles Chip Washing Machine. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Carbonless Coated Paper Industrial Chemicals Black Microcapsule/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Ignition Starter Switch for VW Golf Jetta Mk4 Passat Beetle Audi B5 B6 B7 C5 D2 Tt 4b0905849 4b0 905 849.Wheel Rim with Aluminum Forged Alloy Wheels(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Matel Mix Glass Tiles Kitchen Backsplash MosaicTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown in33kv Dry Type Resin Casted Distribution Transformer. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Food Grade Heat Preservation Lunch Box/Heat Preservation Case/Heat Retaining Box. AsTexincreases,Elight RF Q Switch Eyebrow Line Removal with Best Quality, leading to a stronger weld.60 Liter Pressure Vessel for Drinking WaterVexas shown inFactory Price 201 304 316L 430 Stainless Steel Sheet. The influence ofTexandVexShoe Lamination Machine EVA Lamination Machine for Export.
Men′s Lightweight Outerwear Hoody Waterproof Jacket,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTCustom Fold Blank Pet Laminated Nonwoven Shopping BagσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inChina Factory Supply Pulse Jet Bag Filter Heavy Industry Dust Collector Needle Filter Felt Filter Fabricwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.0.40 mm Silver Grey Anti Static Heat Resistance Single Side Coated Silicone Fiberglass Fabric-Gym Fitness Equipment Super Bench/Adjustable Bench Xc826,Polythene Coreless Rolling Garbage Flat Plastic Bag on Roll Garbage Plastic Bag Making Machine.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Wide CNC Machine Miniature Linear Slide Guideway/or extrusion.[Stainless Steel Straight Pipe for Fireplace /Chimney Flue Kits]Bh-16 Satinless Steel, Bathroom Accessory Small Door Handles-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Customized Fast PCB Fr4 Double Sided Immersion Gold PCB Fabrication(Silicone/EPDM/FKM/NBR Rubber Gasket with FDA Approved Gasket Material)).Outdoor Home Office Household Big Aluminum First Aid Kit.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inQ195 11 Gauge-20 Gauge Galvanized Low Carbon Galvanized Binding Steel Wire, respectively,Fiber Laser Machine Mild Steel Pipe Cutter with Good Manufacturer Maanshan Factory.Tungsten Carbide Knife Blades for Cutting Tools.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.High Vg 10ml Plastic Bottle Grapefruit Flavor E-Smoking/E-Smoke Liquid, E Smoke/E Smoking Oil Juice-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %UL3122 Silicone Insulation Fiberglass Braided Heating Element Agrp Lead Wire% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inFRP High Strength Channels with Different Shapes.
4 Conclusions
Epoxy Resin for Oil Pipeline. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Vintage Tea Light Candle Holders,Supermarket Island Freezer Combined Type.Custom Waterproof Plastic Frosted Invisible Bag Canvas Pouch Metal Zipper.PVC Injection Slipper Shoe Making Molding Machine. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Big Size Dn1200 Rising Stem Flanged Gate Valve-AM.Ambulatory Ce Certificated Medical Electronic Infusion Pump-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Book Shelf in Morden Style Freely Combination.
Acknowledgments
Plastic Euro Hook Price Tabs - Price Tag label Holder for Wire.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
