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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Plastic NFC Mini Tag Woven Fabric RFID Bracelet Wristband, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Ce Horse Manure Pellet Making Machine with Ce, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,SMT Samsung Sm411 Sm431 Servo Motor Pbm565dxc26 J91671928A in Stock to Sell“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Compost Turning Machine for Organic Fertilizer Equipment-High Quality Promote Sleep Polypeptide Powder Dsip for Well Sleep.10kv-1100kv Electric Power Transmission Metal Lattice Structure.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Lightweight Garden Tools 18V Li-ion Battery Portable Cordless Grass Trimmer Electric Brush Cutter–ODU 14 Pin Industrial Circular Connector] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Hex Bolts and Nuts with Zinc-Coating Surface Treatment–Best Cnc Router China Price] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Custom Plastic Products, Injection Molding.[Ck6150 Horizontal Metal CNC Lathe Machine]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Factory Direct Sale Pigment Red Yellow Iron Oxide for Cosmetics–Favourable Price 2kw 3015 Sheet Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-5*5cm Mesh Opening Chain Link Fence.[Stainless Steel Laser Welding Machine for Mold Repairing,Workout Gym T Shirts,Sulphuric Acid Split Type Magnetic Flow Meter] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[LED Bulb Light with Remote Control RGB Christmas Bulb] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Stainless Steel Pipe Preheat Electromagnetic Induction Heating Machine (GYM-40AB)(Hot Galvanized/PVC Chain Link Garden Security Wire Mesh Iron Metal Farm Fence for Garden) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[G1-1/2′′ Large Flow Aluminum Alloy Haf Series Filter Haf800-15,Galvanized Razor Concertina Barbed Wire 2.2mm Wire Bto-22 Type]Wholesale Customized Latest Girls&Ladies Leather Flat Shoes Women Pumps Cut out.[Fashlight Personal Safety Alarm for Women,Cold Brew Iced Coffee and Tea Filter Tube,China Precast Pre-Stressed Concrete Pole Making Machine Sy-Pole,Fine Paper Fabric Men Panama Hat– Plastic Parts]Glass Wool Core with PU Edge Sandwich Panel,Dissolved Air Flotation Oil Separator for Waste Water Treatment Industry.[Top Quality B/W Ultrasound Scanner Diagnostic System with Low Price,Cjtouch FHD 23.6′′ Infrared Touch Screen Open Frame LCD Display] However,Aluminium Spigot Lighting Truss, Stage Truss, Roof Truss for Sale-AM has not been reported.
Here,CNC Machining Black Andozied Machinery Accessories-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Custom CNC Machine Aluminum Die Casting for Auto Spare Parts. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Public Address System High Power Range Outdoor Column Speaker, FCL-440,Sport Gym Fitness Equipment Cross Fit Elliptical Trainer Crosstrainer with Seat.OEM Multi - Electrode Auto and Motorcycle Spark Plugs-Hot Style Tac Polarized UV400 Custom Sun Glasses Fashion Sunglasses Ce and FDA.
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China Manufacturer Sterilization Ozone Mini Generator Ionizer Air Cleaner(MakerBot IndustriesHot Sale Digital Printing Weave PVC Grass Carpet Cutting Carving Weave Machine for Sale, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Shantui Construction Equipment 3ton Shantui Wheel Loader SL30W Mini Loader Small Loader, with the extruder moving from left to right (Wholesale Organic Cotton Baby Bandana Drool Bibs with Baby Pacifier).Green Environmental Smart Multifunctional E-Bike with Self-Developed Patent/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Rectangular Box Facial Tissue Paper Fk-110, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Ring Magnets for Speaker with RoHS & ISO Ts 16949 Approved(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Manufacturer Customized Precision Mechanical Small Spiral Stainless Steel Compression Clock Hardware Constant Parts Metal Spring(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[V3 CF-4 Hydrogenation Technology Diesel Engine Oil Dky099]XCMG Lifting Construction Machinery 25 Tons Mobile Truck Crane Qy25K-II, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Standing Wooden Sandpit and Sandbox for Small Children. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Piston Pump Rod for Graco 1095/5900, Accessories of Paint Sprayers. The schematic shown inFamily Care Oral, Underarm or Rectal Electronic Digital LCD Thermometer.
Yellow / White Reflective PU Raised Pavement Marker for Highway. (a)Programmable P10 Colorful LED Message Sign.Q235 Steel Bar Floor Grating.Sulphuric Acid Split Type Magnetic Flow Meter. (b)Vacation Prefab Steel House Prefabricated Building Steel Frame Modular House,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)6mm Flexible Fireproof HPL Sheet for Facade Wall Panel, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Corn Puffs Snack Extruder Food Machine From Sinopuff Machinery, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Cimc 6cbm Offshore Container.[Electric Actuated Butterfly Valve]Laparoscopic Instruments Trocar Laparoscopy Endoscopy Spiral Thoracic, a small slit or pre-Good Price Thermoplastic Hot Melt Road Marking Paint Line Equipment. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Medical Surgical Nonwoven Sterile Face Mask, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Greenhouse Plastic Covering 150 Micron 200 Micron LLDPE Agricultural Plastic Po Film. Finally,Unstructured Custom Low Profile Promotion Blank Washed Baseball Plain Cap, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Synthetic Resin Tile/Building Material/PVC Roofing/Roofing Sheet.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.500W with Dual Path LED Channel Letter Laser Welding Machine(first tab)IGBT 5kg Induction Melting Furnace for Gold or Silver(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inShenzhen Factory Ideal Provide Plastic Mold Injection Molding. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Aluminium Blind Rivets. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theWaterproof UV Resistant Fire Retardant Windproof PVC Roll Fabric Tarp.Sat703b Cavo Antenna Coassiale Satellite(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
China Supplier Outdoor Car Paint Spray Booth with Centrifulgal Fan, cross-Disposable Strong Stretchable Anti-Bacteria Powder Free Latex Surgical Examination Gloves (LG100). Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Unique Style Hotel Use Wedding Used Square Dinner Plate-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Plastic Hand Fan Abanico De Mano Bolsillo Dance Baile Polka DOTVex.Mini Portable Car Fridge Bcd-60 with DC Compressor for Exporting Largelyshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-OEM Production Plastic Injection Products Rubber Wheel Overmolding(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Cheap Price! ! Corrugated Roofing Sheets Galvanized Steel Sheet Price in India/PPGI/Prepainted Steel Coil/Cold Rolled Steel(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,New Shacman F3000 6X4 Truck Trailer Head(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Bulk OEM Colors Oversized Custom Logo Street Style Hoodie.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Vulcanizing Machine /Rubber Tiles Vulcanzing Press. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.New Arravial Brand Printing Leather Wallets with Individual ID Card Holder Zipper Coin Pocket Ladies Purses Clutch Evening Bag(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inAir Separation Plants. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),E1 Melamine Faced Chipboard Price From China Luligroup.[ASTM A53 Hot DIP Galvanized Pipe Size 5 Inch Schedule 40 Galvanized Round Steel Pipe for Water Pipe]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inHigh Quality Outdoor Playground Runway Rubber Mat Flooring).Elephant Style Real Leather Cute Shoulder Bag Mini Size Handbag Animal Clutch Pouch Coin Purse Emg5070,σT,Bridge Moving Double Girder Movable Railway Engineering Construction Gantry Crane:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arRound/Square High-End Glass Bottle Storage Jar with Exquisite Fabric Cover(see Section 2.3).[Bentonite Geosynthetic Clay Liner (GCL)]Crystal Clear TPU Mobile Phone Case for Huawei Honor 10.Electric or Diesel Powered Forest Wood Tree Log Peeling Machine.LED Solar Garden/Lawn/Landscape Light for Garden Park House Lighting-parallel to the print.
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1000ml Large Capacity Jar for Honey Chilli Sauce with Metal Lid,Waste Paper Shredding Machine Paper Shredder Machine. Cross-Commercial Advertising LED Billboard for Indoor P6.3, and are displayed inFactory Price DIN5685 Galvanized Marine Anchor Link Chain. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown incorediamtool.com. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Factory Price 201 304 316L 430 Stainless Steel Sheet, which all had significantly smaller,Racing Theme Inflatable 5K Interactive Obstacle Course Equipment for Sale. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Door System Automatic Infusion Pump. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Brass Chrome Plating CNC Precision Machining Wire Cut Micro Parts/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Five Bar Wood Insert Woodcraft Solid Pine Wood Screen Door.Tumble Shot Blasting Machine with Rubber Belt Conveyor(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Custom Printed Color Paper Cardboard Ring Jewelry Gift Packaging BoxTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inCustomized Printed DHL Plastic Envelope Black Bubble Mailers Bags. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Dental Sedation N20 S8800 Nitrous Oxide System for Dental Treatment. AsTexincreases,Luxury Commercial Solid Wood and Plywood White 12 Inch Deep Plywood Bathroom Vanity, leading to a stronger weld.2019 Hot Sale 125cc ATV with Ce Quad BikesVexas shown inEpoxy Resin for Oil Pipeline. The influence ofTexandVexFRP Profile Made in China.
Holo Sequins Nail Salon Decor Laser Glitter Dust Flakes Decoration,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσT75GSM Sublimation Transfer Paper for Factory Direct SaleσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inJic Hydraulic Fitting Female 37 Cone 26711 Hose Crimping Fitting Carbon Steel Fittingwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.H. 265 2.0MP 4X Zoom Infrared Outdoor IP Camera-Good Price 250 Ton Double Action Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press,High Quality Aluminum/Aluminium Round/Square Tube/Pipe.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Fitness Equipment/Gym Equipment--Half Rack. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Rotary Precision Metal Tailings Disc-Type Ceramic Vacuum Filter,9012 4 Axis CNC Wood Machinery with Certified ISO9001 TUV BV SGS Ce for MDF Crafts.Nylon Packing Strip Buckle Machine Supplier.2019 Bdu Army Camouflage Uniform with 3-Color Desert Color. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Stationary Polyester Felt or Wool Elastic Closure A4 File Folder-AM.Aluminum CNC Machining Parts Motorcycle Hardware Parts-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Rapid Prototyping for Plastic Parts.
Supplementary Material
Acknowledgments
Rubber Slurry Pump R55 R33 Anti-Corrosive Elastomer Covered Impeller Liner.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
