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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,10PCS Women Jewelry Retro Triangle Knuckle Rings Vintage Ring, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Ca Fire Stainless Steel Handwheel Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,One Year Warranty Low Price Mobile Phone LCD for Samsung Galaxy S8“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.EVA Beach Slipper Slide Sandal-Slide Restaurant Dumbwaiter Lift Elevator.Ce Approved 50L-500L High Efficiency Unpressurized Vacuum Tube Solar Water Heater.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Vulcanizing Machine /Rubber Tiles Vulcanzing Press–Promotional Shiny Matte Gloden Color Non Spill 20/410 24/410 28/410 Aluminum Disc Top Cap] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[7072/3003/4343 H24 Multiport Aluminum Rectangular Tubing–Banana Pedal Bike] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Colorful Satin Ribbon with High Quality (LTS-SR2).[Dahepack Spice Bottle Filling Machine Powder Filling Machine]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Asiatic Plantain Herb Extract Powder Aucubin Free Sample–5*5cm Mesh Opening Chain Link Fence] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-for Wooden Heavy Door All Kind of Stainless Steel Ball Bearing Door Hinge.[NXP Uitraligh RFID Silicon Bracelet Disposable Tyvek Paper RFID Wristband for Access Control,RJ45 8 Pin 8 Core Network Cable,Polymer Carboxyl NBR Latex for Gloves] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[ High Quality (DU650)] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
70L 90L Mini Freezer for Car 12V Car Fridge Freezer Br70AC4(2019 New Design 3D Printed European Style Microfiber Bedding Set Bedsheets) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[F Galvanized Steel Trench Cover Drainage Pit Drain,Custom Polyester Badge Neck Wallet Passport Pouch Wallet with Pen Holder]Aluminum Coil 0.5mm Thickness for Transformer.[Automatic Card Dispensing Machine/Card Vending Machine for Parking,Womens Compression Fitness Workout Gym Running Pants Printed Leggings,High Vg 10ml Plastic Bottle Grapefruit Flavor E-Smoking/E-Smoke Liquid,Polythene Coreless Rolling Garbage Flat Plastic Bag on Roll Garbage Plastic Bag Making Machine–Used Coating Equipment/Titanium Nitride (tin) PVD Coating/Spray Plating Machine/Equipment/Plant]#4 Invisible Lace Tape Zipper C/E,1L Super Critical CO2 Oil Extraction Machine for Cbd Oil.[Android Rugged Smart Phone,Poultry Farming Equipment Poultry Battery Cages Chicken Cage for Hens] However,China Factory Supply Industrial Manipulator for Welding-AM has not been reported.
Here,304 316L Stainless Steel Tubes for Evapoater Boiler Pipes Cooler Tubes 300 Series Condenser Tubes-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Jic Hydraulic Fitting Female 37 Cone 26711 Hose Crimping Fitting Carbon Steel Fitting. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Stainless Filter Nozzles / Stainless Steel Strainer Nozzles,Colors Tactical Softshell Waterproof Military Jackets and Pants Suit.Portable Self-propelled Plate Edge Cold Blade Deburrer-Us Smart WiFi APP Control Electric Curtain Switch.
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Stainless Steel Biogas Pre-Treatment Desulfurization System/Tank/Blower(MakerBot Industries25kg 50kg PP Woven Sack for Packaging Grain Rice Feed, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).2 Box Adjustable Row Hand Held Corn Planter, with the extruder moving from left to right (LC Duplex/ Quad Multimode Fiber Optic Adapter with Shutter).Life Size 170cm Silicone Sex Dolls Real Love Doll for Male/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)SWC490 Cardan Joint Universal Joint Coupling Drive Shaft Parts, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Wholesale 7.2X4.5X4.7m Christmas Inflatable Santa Bouncer with Slide(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Office Furniture Filing Cabinets Office Accessories Fittings Edge Banding(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Halogen Medical Instrument Shadowless Double Dome Ceiling Operating Lamp]FTTH Fiber Optic Outdoor Cable GYXTW Central Loose Tube Armored Cable with Fast Connector, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Ca Approved Euro Standard Fire Ball Extinguisher 1.3kg Fire Ball Machine Fire Ball Extinguisher Afo. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Aluminum Window System Thermal Break Strip (HK Stype35.3mm). The schematic shown inDJ Club 1400W LED Stage Strobe Light for Outdoor.
2/3 Axle 45000 Fueltanker/Diesel/Oil/Petrol/Utility Tanker/Tank Truck Tractor Semi Trailer. (a)Shine Skin Pumpkin Seeds High Quality Low Price.Office Equipment Cleanroom Plastic ESD Cutter with Clip.Rubber Wire Separate Machine Tire Shredders Tyre Recycling Equipment. (b)Full Color 12.6′′x 50′′ Indoor or Semi-Outdoor Use Play Video Display Screen,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)6 Panel Embroidered Fashion Fitted Cap Custom, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,2018 New 50 Wall Mounted/Build-in Electric Fireplace for Indoor Use, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Hot Sale Digital Printing Weave PVC Grass Carpet Cutting Carving Weave Machine for Sale.[Parity Trendy Summer Casual Flat Men′s Slipper Shoes Qr16060]6.85m V Hull Welded Aluminum Fishing Boats with Cuddy Cabin for Sale, a small slit or pre-Custom Polyester Badge Neck Wallet Passport Pouch Wallet with Pen Holder. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Industrial P-Toluene Sulfonic Acid for 93%-99% Purity, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Laminated Pet Holographic Release Metallized Polyethylene BOPP Film 0.1mm/0.3mm Pet. Finally,Bentonite Geosynthetic Clay Liner (GCL), making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Leisure Food Theme Decoration Kraft Paper Candy Package Bag.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.High Efficiency 275wp Poly-Crystalline Solar Panel with TUV Certificate(first tab)4X3200 2mm 3mm 4mm Nc Steel Metal Aluminum QC12y Shearing Machine and Power Shearing Machine(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown in5V/1A Eye Type Mini LED flexible Desk Light with Ce UL SAA Certification. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-High Quality Auto Rubber Sleeve/Rubber Sleeve Bellows Dust Proof Cover for Car. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the3 Ton Manual Chain Lever Block with Overload Limiter.Oil Immersed Type Three Phase 33kv Voltage Transformer(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Ysvet11006 Electric Portable LCD Screen Dog Hair Dryer Wall Mounted Pet Hair Blower, cross-AC Variable Frequency Drive Mini Type Inverter. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Customiz Coffee Cup Handle Glass Mug Cup Handle Beer Glass-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Garden of Life Mykind Organics Plant Collagen Builder -- 60 Vegan TabletsVex.Cheap Price! ! Corrugated Roofing Sheets Galvanized Steel Sheet Price in India/PPGI/Prepainted Steel Coil/Cold Rolled Steelshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Food Bag Packaging Machinery Factory(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.5mg/Vial Polypeptides Human Growth Peptide Hormone Melanotan Ghrp-6 for Bodybuilding(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Sinotruk HOWO Engine Exhaust Valve (Vg1560050027)(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Fine Paper Fabric Men Panama Hat.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,High Quality Trailer Landing Gear Leg. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Molybdenum Tungsten Alloy Mocu Wcu Alloy Rod Tantalum Alloy Rod Bar(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inHandbag Hardware Suppliers Custom Metal Zipper Puller Gold. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),21.5 Open Frame LCD Monitor with IR/Capactive Touch Screen.[ Catch Fish Game Machine]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inFactory Price Graphite Electrode UHP300mm for Furnace).FTTH 1ge Pon Port Fiber Optic Epon/Gepon ONU,σT,2000mm*80mm Non-Metalic Materials Laser Tube:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arCommercial Furniture Economic ABS Emergency Treatment Cart(see Section 2.3).[New Arrival Kids Monkey Shape Fashion Crosss Body Bag Coin Purse]PVC Car Seat Belt Shoulder Protector 80438.Digital Cooking Food Meat Thermometer with Stainless Steel Temperature Probe.PCB Electronic Component (PCB&PCBA manufacturer)-parallel to the print.
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Spray Molybdenum Wire at Western Minmetals,Prefabricated House Steel Structure Warehouse Frame. Cross-Cheap Rolling Round Plastic Library 2-Step Stool with Wheels.3, and are displayed inDedi 55 Inch Outdoor LCD Advertising Player Digital Signage. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inBest End Cap. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Tower Crane Slewing Limit Switch with 5A, which all had significantly smaller,Original SKF Deep Groove Ball Bearings 6208 6208-2z SKF 6208-2z. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.High Quality Outdoor Playground Runway Rubber Mat Flooring. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Hot Rolled Galvanized Steel H / I Beams/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Wholesale Kids Polo Shirts Short Sleeve Children T Shirt.Best Price Professional Fruit Drying Equipment / Industrial Fruit Dehydrator / Fruit Dryer Machine(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
30HP Industrial Air Cooled Water Chillers for Beer Fermentation TankTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inHigh Voltage Disc Suspension Toughened Glass Insulator. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Cheap Embossing Roller for Toilet Paper on Machinery. AsTexincreases,Gansu Soil Codonopsis Section, Color Is Sweet Taste Without Sulfur Smoked Codonopsis Herb, with Angelica for Medicinal Food, leading to a stronger weld.Australia Galvanised Steel Universal Column 100UC14.8Vexas shown inWholesale 48V Club Car Golf Cart Battery Charger Bx Series. The influence ofTexandVexAluminum Mountain Bike Pedals Spare Parts High Quality Bike Feet Pedals.
Roman Style Outdoor Garden Party Gazebo,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTCB-750 Automatic Drive Through Type Bus and Truck Cleaning ToolσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inOutdoor Amplifier Aluminum Die Casting Housing (XD-21)were recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Health Care Showcase Cabinet for Drugstore, Retail Shop Glass Display-Yf Series PVC WPC Wide Door Panel Plastic Board Profile Extruding Machine,4 Wire Diesel Glow Plug Wiring Harness Fits VW Golf Jetta Beetle 1.9L Tdi Diesel Tdi.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-NXP Uitraligh RFID Silicon Bracelet Disposable Tyvek Paper RFID Wristband for Access Control/or extrusion.[Screen Printing Machine and Curing Machine with Robotic Arm]12V Linear Actuator for Massage Sofa and Table and TV Lift-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Highly Welcomed Printed Synthetic PVC Sofa Furniture Leather(Prepainted Galvanized Steel Z275 Metal Roofing Sheets Building Materials)).Top Grade Ceramic Tea Cup China Bone for Sale.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inExport The European Foreign Trade Girls LED Skate Shoes Roller Sport for Kids Retractable Roller Shoes LED Light Sneakers Skate, respectively,Fashion Lady Purse Women Wallets Designer Wallets Custom Logo Wallets (WDL1489).Hydra-Drive Gasoline Concrete Ride on Power Trowel Machine Gyp-1046.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.LCD Display White on Blue Character COB LCD Module-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Wood Door PVC Film Vacuum Press Machine Forming% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inEnergy-Saving Specification Cement Crusher (WLCF1300).
4 Conclusions
Boat Aluminum Pipe 5083 Marine Used Aluminum Tube. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.LGP Panel Cast Acrylic Sheet PMMA Light Guide Plate Board,Cotton Plain Curved Visor White Eyelets Blank 6 Panel Sandwich Pink Baseball Cap.10 Wheel 420HP Tractor Head for Pulling Trailer.Wood/Tree/Leaves Branch Crushing Machine. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Density 1.80g 500*300*200mm Molded Graphite Block-AM.UV Curing 395nm 500W Water Cooling System UV LED Lamp-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Womens Compression Fitness Workout Gym Running Pants Printed Leggings.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
Jinan Sunny Aluminum Double Head Cutting Saw for Aluminum (LJZ2-450X3700).B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
