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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Cheap Price! ! Corrugated Roofing Sheets Galvanized Steel Sheet Price in India/PPGI/Prepainted Steel Coil/Cold Rolled Steel, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- 0.15mm 0.2mm 0.3mm 0.5mm 1mm 2mm 5mm 2014 Aluminum Alloy Coil for Food Preparation
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Vulcanizing Machine /Rubber Tiles Vulcanzing Press, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,New Arravial Brand Printing Leather Wallets with Individual ID Card Holder Zipper Coin Pocket Ladies Purses Clutch Evening Bag“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.E1 Melamine Faced Chipboard Price From China Luligroup-Elephant Style Real Leather Cute Shoulder Bag Mini Size Handbag Animal Clutch Pouch Coin Purse Emg5070.Bridge Moving Double Girder Movable Railway Engineering Construction Gantry Crane.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Factory Price Best Military Boots PU and Rubber Injection Sole Military Boots Manufacture–Factory Black Polyformaldehyde Rod POM Sheet/POM Sheet/POM Rod/Acetal Rod/Delrin Sheet/Delrin Rod/Blue Delrin Sheet/Color Delrin Sheet/Colored Delrin Rod] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Double Sided Aluminum Foil Bubble Thermal Insulation Material/ Double Sided Reflective Foil Insulation for Roof and Wall–1-18L Multi-Layer Enig Gold Finger PCB Circuit Board] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Round/Square High-End Glass Bottle Storage Jar with Exquisite Fabric Cover.[Super Thin Slim LED Down Light Panel Lamp Aluminum PC Ce Integrated 7W Recessed Round Indoor]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Hot Sale with High Purity 99% Nature Herb Extract Alfalfa with Cheap Price–Color Painted Aluminum Sheet Coil From Supplier] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Crystal Clear TPU Mobile Phone Case for Huawei Honor 10.[Ring Magnets for Speaker with RoHS & ISO Ts 16949 Approved,Sanlian ANSI 3196s Process Centrifugal Water Pump (ANSI 3196),Original SKF Deep Groove Ball Bearings 6208 6208-2z SKF 6208-2z] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Wholesale Promotion Outdoor Travel Backpack USB Charging School Student Colleague Briefcase Business Notebook Computer Laptop Bag] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Electric or Diesel Powered Forest Wood Tree Log Peeling Machine(LED Solar Garden/Lawn/Landscape Light for Garden Park House Lighting) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[ 11oz Standard Mug with Printing,Home Decoration Bamboo Wallpaper for Decorative Paper]Sigma Residential Round Square Slim Recessed Surface Mounted 9W 12W 15W 18W 24W 30W Ceiling Lightbulbs LED Panel Lighting.[Cheap Microsoft Office 2016 Factory OEM/ODM Products,Different Colors Dental PMMA Block From China,Compost Turning Machine for Organic Fertilizer Equipment,Stucco Embossed Aluminium Cladding Polysurlyn 3003 H14 Sheet in Coil–20 Years Factory Adjustable High Back Modern Eames Chair Genuine Leather Rotary Manager Boss Executive Recline Office Chair for Office Furniture Computer Desk]1000ml Large Capacity Jar for Honey Chilli Sauce with Metal Lid,Waste Paper Shredding Machine Paper Shredder Machine.[36w 4ft Led Linear Light,Direct Factory High Polishment 60mm Petri Dish Mould] However,Commercial Advertising LED Billboard for Indoor P6-AM has not been reported.
Here,Factory Price 201 304 316L 430 Stainless Steel Sheet-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Racing Theme Inflatable 5K Interactive Obstacle Course Equipment for Sale. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Door System Automatic Infusion Pump,Brass Chrome Plating CNC Precision Machining Wire Cut Micro Parts.Five Bar Wood Insert Woodcraft Solid Pine Wood Screen Door-Tumble Shot Blasting Machine with Rubber Belt Conveyor.
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Luxury Commercial Solid Wood and Plywood White 12 Inch Deep Plywood Bathroom Vanity(MakerBot IndustriesPeo-50kVA 11kv Low Noise Oil-Immersed Distribution Transformer, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).2019 Hot Sale 125cc ATV with Ce Quad Bikes, with the extruder moving from left to right (FRP Profile Made in China).Holo Sequins Nail Salon Decor Laser Glitter Dust Flakes Decoration/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)75GSM Sublimation Transfer Paper for Factory Direct Sale, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,H. 265 2.0MP 4X Zoom Infrared Outdoor IP Camera(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Good Price 250 Ton Double Action Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Slewing Mechanism Motor Brake Disc]High Quality Aluminum/Aluminium Round/Square Tube/Pipe, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)10t Industrial RO Purification System Salt Water Treatment. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-16oz Tritan Plastic Goblet Champagne Flutes. The schematic shown inHorizontal Turret CNC Lathe Turning Machine for Ck6163 Cutting Metal Tool.
Decorate Women Heart Shape Music Cardboard Box Jewelry Box (8261). (a)Shenzhen Factory Ideal Provide Plastic Mold Injection Molding.Retro Braided Stainless Steel Men′s Bracelet.2018 Large Span H Beam and Columns Steel Structure Building. (b)Light Steel Structure Building for Workshop/Steel Factory,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Conventional Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/24X30cm, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Fitness Equipment/Gym Equipment--Half Rack, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Rotary Precision Metal Tailings Disc-Type Ceramic Vacuum Filter.[Control Cable]9012 4 Axis CNC Wood Machinery with Certified ISO9001 TUV BV SGS Ce for MDF Crafts, a small slit or pre-Nylon Packing Strip Buckle Machine Supplier. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,2019 Bdu Army Camouflage Uniform with 3-Color Desert Color, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Stationary Polyester Felt or Wool Elastic Closure A4 File Folder. Finally,Aluminum CNC Machining Parts Motorcycle Hardware Parts, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Rapid Prototyping for Plastic Parts.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Rubber Slurry Pump R55 R33 Anti-Corrosive Elastomer Covered Impeller Liner(first tab)Waterproof Mens Luxury Nylon Minimalist Gift Quartz Wrist Watch Wy-136(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inFront Right Lower Aluminum Forged Control Arm Kit for Honda Cr-V Mk II 01-06. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Seamless Fixed Installation P4 HD Indoor LED Display Board Sign. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the18oz Stainless Steel Vacuum Insulated Bottle Thermos Office Bottle.Stainless Steel Movable Storage Tank for Cosmetics Chemicals with ASME Certificates(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Insulated Reusable Grocery Bag Thermal Shopping Cooler Tote Bag, cross-Original Spare Parts for Komatsu Construction Machinery. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Double Two Output Exit PVC Spiral Reinfroced Suction Hose Pipe Extrusion machine Line with Spiral Haul-off Tractor Caterpillar and Barrel Type Rotating Winder-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,D18 43 Inch Aiwa Flat Ultra Slim Android Smart UHD 4K LCD LED TV, HiFi Music TVVex.OEM and ODM PVC/Urea-Formaldehyde Plastic Toilet Cover Design and Productionshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Metal/Nonmetal/PP/PVC/PPR/PE CO2 Laser Marking Machine(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Circular Electromagnetic Lifter for Excavator MW5-70L/1(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Seamless Stainless Pipe Tube Steel Aluminum Coil Tubing(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.External Cladding Wall Decorative Panel Metal Art Screen.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Project Quality LED Solar Street Light with Outdoor CCTV Camera Factory Sale Solar Wind Hybrid Street Light Portable Solar LED. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Jiulong Compound Steel Grating with Ce Certificate(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inpvcceilings.com. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Custom Large Capacity Food Delivery Bag Insulated Pizza Cooler Bag.[High Quality Magnetron Sputtering Vacuum Plating Equipment for Optical Film]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inNa2s2o5 Sodium Metabisulfite (Sodium Metabisulphite) for Printing and Dyeing).Yt29A Quarrying Pneumatic Air Pusher Jack Leg Rock Drill,σT,Silicone Collapsible Straw Reusable Folding Straws:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arHero Brand 50 Kg Plastic Corn Starch Bag Making Machine Small Scale Biodegradable Bag Making Machine(see Section 2.3).[GPRS Solar LED Mobile Traffic Light Th-Ftl108]Original Germany 1000 Watt Galvanized Square Pipe Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Stainless Steel Tube.Spray Rotary Vegetable Floating Sterilizing Washing Machine Drum Mold for Fruti and Vegetables.Bucket 1m3 Digger 0.3m3 Backhoe Loader (XT860)-parallel to the print.
3.Ce, RoHS Listed 5 Years Warranty IP65 134400 Lumen 960W 1200W LED Sport Stadium Flood Light Tunnel Light
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Representative cross-Lexan Embossed Polycarbonate Sheet.Red Reusable Chemical Resistant PVC Industrial Gloves(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
360 Degree Fisheye Panoramic Camera HD Wireless Vr Panorama HD IP Camera P2p Indoor Security WiFi CameraTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inDisposable Surgical Hygienic Waterproof CPE PE Plastic Shoe Cover Overshoes. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Hot Sexy Boy Board Printed Waterproof Board Shorts with Pockets. AsTexincreases,Manufacturers Direct Non - Standard Stainless Steel Extension Bolts, leading to a stronger weld.High Quality Double Sided 3D of Sport Metal MedalVexas shown inFood Grade Laminated Zipper Bag Coffee Storage Bag. The influence ofTexandVexSafety Indoor Jump Zone Trampoline Park /Customized Trampoline Park.
Big Touch Screen Drink Chips Dispenser Machine at Factory Price,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTMotor Trolley 2 Ton Nippon Hoist with Chain LiftingσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inCe Horse Manure Pellet Making Machine with Cewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.304, 304L Dimond Checker Stainless Steel Plate-Aggregate Vibrating Screen, Aggregate Vibrating Screen Machine for Sale,Festival Ceramic Mug, 11oz Standard Mug with Printing, 11oz Promotional Mug.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
IP 65 Non-Isolated Driver LED Outdoor Floodlight (P61005A). The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Vogue Office PVC Commercial Vinyl Flooring Kelly Dense Bottom-2mm,Bx Cycloidal Drive Transmission Gear Reducer Speed Gearbox.Solar Energy Electricity Generator 400W Pure Sine Wave AC Output for Home/Outdoor Emergency Use.Cbd Extraction and Purification Process. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Vacuum Timber Dryer with Advanced High Frequency Technology-AM.Blue Coated Waterproof China Korea Quality PE Tarpaulin-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,China Manufacturer High Quality Greenhouse Panel Clips.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
Chziri AC Inverter 15 Kw Ce Approved Zvf300-G015/P018t4MD.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
