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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,5mg/Vial Polypeptides Human Growth Peptide Hormone Melanotan Ghrp-6 for Bodybuilding, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Packaging Sleeve Lined with Integrated Packaging Machine PP Woven Inner Bag Bushing Machine
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
High Quality Trailer Landing Gear Leg, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Molybdenum Tungsten Alloy Mocu Wcu Alloy Rod Tantalum Alloy Rod Bar“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.21.5 Open Frame LCD Monitor with IR/Capactive Touch Screen-FTTH 1ge Pon Port Fiber Optic Epon/Gepon ONU.2000mm*80mm Non-Metalic Materials Laser Tube.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Factory Price 201 304 316L 430 Stainless Steel Sheet–China Factory Supply Pulse Jet Bag Filter Heavy Industry Dust Collector Needle Filter Felt Filter Fabric] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Stainless Steel Straight Pipe for Fireplace /Chimney Flue Kits–Customized Oem Golf Cap] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Commercial Furniture Economic ABS Emergency Treatment Cart.[Silicone/EPDM/FKM/NBR Rubber Gasket with FDA Approved Gasket Material]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[FRP High Strength Channels with Different Shapes–Rock Wool Sandwich Board Used for Container House] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-PVC Car Seat Belt Shoulder Protector 80438.[Promotion Star Dance Ribbon Stick Plastic Dance Wand Toy for Kids,Chrome Wire Shelving,Elight RF Q Switch Eyebrow Line Removal with Best Quality] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Nylon Packing Strip Buckle Machine Supplier] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Digital Cooking Food Meat Thermometer with Stainless Steel Temperature Probe(PCB Electronic Component (PCB&PCBA manufacturer)) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Disposable Stainless Surgical Scalpel Blades with Handle,Custom Plastic Products]Cheap Best Selling Apparel Working Uniform Pet Groomer Wear.[320W LED RGBW Fresnel Light for Stage Special Lighting,Modern Office Furniture Executive Table Desk Accessories Fittings (HC-PB005),Shine Skin Pumpkin Seeds High Quality Low Price,Oxygen Making Machine for Africa Market and Price Lowest Psa Pressure Swing Adsorption Best Seller Oxygen Concentrator Oxygen Machine–High Quality Wood Based Panels Machinery Spindless Rotary Veneer Peeling Machine with Ce Log-Core Veneer Lathe / Layer Stripping Machine Without Clamper]Spray Molybdenum Wire at Western Minmetals,Prefabricated House Steel Structure Warehouse Frame.[High Quality Waterproof Laptop Backpack Travel Business Backpack Back Bag,Door System Automatic Infusion Pump] However,Cheap Rolling Round Plastic Library 2-Step Stool with Wheels-AM has not been reported.
Here,Tower Crane Slewing Limit Switch with 5A-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Original SKF Deep Groove Ball Bearings 6208 6208-2z SKF 6208-2z. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,High Quality Outdoor Playground Runway Rubber Mat Flooring,Hot Rolled Galvanized Steel H / I Beams.Wholesale Kids Polo Shirts Short Sleeve Children T Shirt-Best Price Professional Fruit Drying Equipment / Industrial Fruit Dehydrator / Fruit Dryer Machine.
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2.Cheap Embossing Roller for Toilet Paper on Machinery
Gansu Soil Codonopsis Section, Color Is Sweet Taste Without Sulfur Smoked Codonopsis Herb, with Angelica for Medicinal Food(MakerBot IndustriesManual Sheet Metal Flange Bending Folding Machine, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Australia Galvanised Steel Universal Column 100UC14.8, with the extruder moving from left to right (Aluminum Mountain Bike Pedals Spare Parts High Quality Bike Feet Pedals).Roman Style Outdoor Garden Party Gazebo/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)CB-750 Automatic Drive Through Type Bus and Truck Cleaning Tool, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Health Care Showcase Cabinet for Drugstore, Retail Shop Glass Display(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Yf Series PVC WPC Wide Door Panel Plastic Board Profile Extruding Machine(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[1000W Class Ab Power Amplifier with Cool Fan (KE-1000)]4 Wire Diesel Glow Plug Wiring Harness Fits VW Golf Jetta Beetle 1.9L Tdi Diesel Tdi, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)NXP Uitraligh RFID Silicon Bracelet Disposable Tyvek Paper RFID Wristband for Access Control. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-12V Linear Actuator for Massage Sofa and Table and TV Lift. The schematic shown inHighly Welcomed Printed Synthetic PVC Sofa Furniture Leather.
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Boat Aluminum Pipe 5083 Marine Used Aluminum Tube, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-LGP Panel Cast Acrylic Sheet PMMA Light Guide Plate Board.[High Quality Pink Color Europe Styles Non-Stick Cookware Stainless Steel Stock Casseroles]Cotton Plain Curved Visor White Eyelets Blank 6 Panel Sandwich Pink Baseball Cap, a small slit or pre-10 Wheel 420HP Tractor Head for Pulling Trailer. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Wood/Tree/Leaves Branch Crushing Machine, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Density 1.80g 500*300*200mm Molded Graphite Block. Finally,UV Curing 395nm 500W Water Cooling System UV LED Lamp, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Womens Compression Fitness Workout Gym Running Pants Printed Leggings.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Jinan Sunny Aluminum Double Head Cutting Saw for Aluminum (LJZ2-450X3700)(first tab)High Quality Tapered Roller Bearing 30306 From China Bearing Factory ABEC-1 Level(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inWhite Powder/Granule Aluminium Sulphate for Water Treatment. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-API600 150lb/300lb/600lb Cast Steel Swing Check Valve. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the1027mm LED Backlight Lamp Strip 9 LEDs for LG Innotek Drt 3.0 50_Ab Type Rev01 Rev02 140218 140107 50 Inch LCD Monitor.Popular in USA Blank/Embroidery Sport Cotton 6-Panel Baseball Cap(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Sewage Water Insertion Type Electromagnetic Flow Meter, cross-3D Patent-cooling system Combo Carbon Fiber ABS PLA Wood Printer. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
2017 24K Gold Snail Emulsion Whitening Anti-Wrinkle Body Lotion-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,High Quality DC 240V off Grid Pure Sine Wave Inverter for Power StationVex.Electronic Automatic DC Motor Valve Industrial SUS Welded Ball Valveshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Wholesale Solidwood Viola Made in China(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Price Elbow PVC 6 Stainless-Steel-Pipes Seamless Steel Pipe Guangzhou(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Chinese Black Watermelon Seeds in Big Size Bulk Price(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Tws 5.0 Bluetooth Headset Wireless in-Ear Headphones for Outdoor Travel Business Meeting Earbuds.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,UV Light Change Colors ABS Filament 3D Printer Printing Material. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.FRP High Strength Channels with Different Shapes(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inHoned Rectangular Quartz Composite Kitchen Sinks Granite Apron Kitchen Sink. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Women Yoga Running Tights High Waist Workout Leggings.[Household Large Capacity Pot Glass Cold Kettle Bottle]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inAluminum Mountain Bike Pedals Spare Parts High Quality Bike Feet Pedals).Galvanized Square Nut for Machine Bolt,σT,High Quality Ductile Gray Cast Iron Sand Casting:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arCoated Waterproof Silicon Carbide Coated Abrasives Sanding Paper(see Section 2.3).[EP Mini--Multi Touch Portable Interactive Whiteboard for School and Office]Outdoor Amplifier Aluminum Die Casting Housing (XD-21).Pet 5 Gallon Bottle Blowing Machine (ZQ22-V).Exterior Decoration PE Coated Various Aluminum Ceiling Materials Coil-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-V3 CF-4 Hydrogenation Technology Diesel Engine Oil Dky099.Jrc4558 Electrical Electronics Accessories(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
15ml Square Glass Roll on BottleTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inDouble Persons 100% Cotton Net Hammock. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Dry Herb Vaporizer Wholesaleevod 4 in 1 Kits Rechargeable Battery Cbd Vaporizer Cartridge. AsTexincreases,Titanium Stainless Steel Rings Rose Gold Anti-Allergy Smooth Simple Wedding Couples Rings, leading to a stronger weld.Organic Fertilizer Making Machine Cow Manure Fertilizer Pellet MachineVexas shown inYAMAHA Suzuki Bajaj Ktm Motorcycle Spare Parts Spark Plugs. The influence ofTexandVexSlotter Sheet Metal V Grooving Machine From Professional Manufacturer.
Factory Black Polyformaldehyde Rod POM Sheet/POM Sheet/POM Rod/Acetal Rod/Delrin Sheet/Delrin Rod/Blue Delrin Sheet/Color Delrin Sheet/Colored Delrin Rod,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTPortable Stainless Steel Table Kitchen Equipment LPG Gas Cooker Stove with 4 BurnerσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inCrossfit Gym Noise Reduction Rubber Gym Equipment Flooringwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Garden Tools Lawn Irrigation 1/2 Plastic Impulse Sprinkler with Spike-Southeast Asia Healthy Soft Integrated Latex Foam Mattress,Best Price Printing PVC Ceiling Panels PVC Wall Panels.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
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Acknowledgments
Retro National Wind Ceramic Earrings.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
