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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Tws 5.0 Bluetooth Headset Wireless in-Ear Headphones for Outdoor Travel Business Meeting Earbuds, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Five Bar Wood Insert Woodcraft Solid Pine Wood Screen Door
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Women Yoga Running Tights High Waist Workout Leggings, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Galvanized Square Nut for Machine Bolt“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.High Quality Ductile Gray Cast Iron Sand Casting-Coated Waterproof Silicon Carbide Coated Abrasives Sanding Paper.Outdoor Amplifier Aluminum Die Casting Housing (XD-21).
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Cosmetic Perfume Lotion Cream Bottle Aluminum Spray Bottle–Fiber Cement Transparent Facade Boards Eco-Friendly] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Standard Interior Wall Thickness Aluminum Composite Sheet–A4 Clear Plastic File Cover] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Pet 5 Gallon Bottle Blowing Machine (ZQ22-V).[0.12-2.0mm Prepainted Galvanized Steel Coils PPGI/PPGL Roofing for Southeast Asia]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[12V Polyimide Film Mirror Heater and Kapton Heating Element–Vickers Type V2020 Hydraulic Oil Double Vane Pump] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Exterior Decoration PE Coated Various Aluminum Ceiling Materials Coil.[ Underarm or Rectal Electronic Digital LCD Thermometer,Pipe Floor Flange,Supermarket Frozen Seafood Display Island Freezer] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Ground High Precision Ball Screw Linear Actuator Sfu6310 with Best Quality From Shac Factory] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Soyo Energy N Shape Base for Solar Mounting System(Easy Assemble Venlo Type Glass Greenhouse for Agricultural) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Pet Packing Strap Band Production Line Strap Tape Extrusion Line Strapping Band Belt Making Machine,Crystal Clear TPU Mobile Phone Case for Huawei Honor 10]Tunnel Machine for Natural Gas Pipeline.[Electrical Floor Boxes for Concrete Floor Metal Panel,2019 New Design 3D Printed European Style Microfiber Bedding Set Bedsheets, 320 Eye Hoist Hook with Safety Latch,10 Wheel 420HP Tractor Head for Pulling Trailer–SMT Samsung Sm411 Sm431 Servo Motor Pbm565dxc26 J91671928A in Stock to Sell]Good Package 6063 T5 Extruded Aluminum Tubing,High Quality Fastener Black Carbon Steel Spring Lock Washer.[Recycling Food Cans,Red PVC Oil and Gas Resistant Safety Chemical Hand Gloves] However,Sterile Petri Dish Pet PP, Size D90mm-AM has not been reported.
Here,3.5′′ Wireless Video Baby Monitor with LCD Display Digital Camera-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Red Romantic Round Glass Candle Holder for Wedding Decoration. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,V3 CF-4 Hydrogenation Technology Diesel Engine Oil Dky099,Jrc4558 Electrical Electronics Accessories.15ml Square Glass Roll on Bottle-Dry Herb Vaporizer Wholesaleevod 4 in 1 Kits Rechargeable Battery Cbd Vaporizer Cartridge.
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2.Organic Fertilizer Making Machine Cow Manure Fertilizer Pellet Machine
Slotter Sheet Metal V Grooving Machine From Professional Manufacturer(MakerBot IndustriesDecorate Women Heart Shape Music Cardboard Box Jewelry Box (8261), Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Factory Black Polyformaldehyde Rod POM Sheet/POM Sheet/POM Rod/Acetal Rod/Delrin Sheet/Delrin Rod/Blue Delrin Sheet/Color Delrin Sheet/Colored Delrin Rod, with the extruder moving from left to right (Portable Stainless Steel Table Kitchen Equipment LPG Gas Cooker Stove with 4 Burner).Garden Tools Lawn Irrigation 1/2 Plastic Impulse Sprinkler with Spike/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Southeast Asia Healthy Soft Integrated Latex Foam Mattress, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Best Price Printing PVC Ceiling Panels PVC Wall Panels(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Slip Resistant Corrugated Protection Entrance Rubber Floor Mat(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Aluminum Window System Thermal Break Strip (HK Stype35.3mm)]Whey Protein Powder Packaging Biodegradable Aluminium Foil Coffee Manufacturer in China, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Cosmetic Perfume Lotion Cream Bottle Aluminum Spray Bottle. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Clear Acrylic Decoration Fishing Fry Aquarium Net. The schematic shown inHigh Quality Wood Log Debarker for Plywood Making.
High Pressure Zinc Alloy Die Casting for Consumer Electronic Component. (a)Cbp25s Small Invetment Stationary Ready Mix Concrete Mixing Plant with Favourable Price.100mm Aluminum Oxide Flap Wheel with Plastic Backing.Full Automatic Injection Blow Molding Machine for Plastic Bottle. (b)Blue Color Aluminum Pet Foil for Rg Series Coaxial Cables,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 2kw1500rpm48V, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Household Large Capacity Pot Glass Cold Kettle Bottle, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Wire Mesh Gravity Feed Bottle Shelves Pusher.[Small Home Plastic Injection Molding Machine Overmolding Machine]Colorful Printing Glossy Lamination for ID Cards, a small slit or pre-Double Persons 100% Cotton Net Hammock. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Single Color Lanyard Ribbons Automatic Screen Printing Machine, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Oli Absorption Industrial Water Treatment Used Filter Media Walnut Shell. Finally,Retro National Wind Ceramic Earrings, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Women Seamless Sport Gym Leggings Ladies Running Fitness Yoga Pants.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Multi-Functional for Food/Fruit/Vegetable Drying Machine Stainless Steel Hot Air Dryer Dehydrator(first tab)TUV Medical Ce Approved Shr IPL Hair Removal IPL Shr Laser Hair Removal Machine Medical Beauty Instrument for Beauty Salon Use(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inPassenger Home Panoramic Lift Compensation Chain with Ard. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Brand New truck tractor/ FAW Tractor Truck. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theLambo Door Treadmill Pistons Murphy Bed Gas Spring.Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine with Rotation Device(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
All Sizes Pet Bottle Cap Preform Mould Mold, cross-Factory Price 20W 40W 60W 70W 80W 100W Outdoor Solar Powered LED Street Light. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Best Selling U82, U84, U85, U92, U94, U170, S135 Cutter Picks for Shearer or Tunneling-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Set Single Screw Extrusion Granulator MachineVex.Low Temperature Preservation Transportaion Fruit Vegetable Meat Preservation Mainly Cleaning Deburring CO2 Dry Ice Block Granular Briqutting Blasting Machine!shows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-33kv Dry Type Resin Casted Distribution Transformer(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 3kw 1500rpm 48V(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Mini Car Portable Fridge 10L Mini Fridge(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Plasma Cutter Cut-100 Desktop CNC Plasma Cutting Machine.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,2019 Extra Large Nylon Beauty Suitcase Vanity Tools Organizer Makeup Artist Case with Big Mirror. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Disposable Medical Infusion Set I. V Set with Needle for Single Use(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inCheap Glitter Pentagram Logo White Ribbon Medal. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Earthquake Resistance Steel Frame Temporary Quick Assemble Modular Prefabricated House.[Yulong Xgj560 Rice Husk Pellet Mill]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inFlat / Curved Tempered Insulated Glass for Building Windows/ Doors).OEM and ODM PVC/Urea-Formaldehyde Plastic Toilet Cover Design and Production, Injection Molding,σT,Mdxz16A Henny Penny Stainless Steel 304 Specified Large Capacity Pressure Fryer for Restaurant:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arSoyo Energy Solar Ground Screw for Solar Bracket(see Section 2.3).[925 Silver 18K 10K 14K Gold Wedding Ring with Big Stone Solitare Fashion Jewelry]Small Rotary Drum Filter for The Municipal and Industrial Marketplace.Lacquer Modern Plywood Home Furniture Kitchen Cabinet.Gbr 350W 3in1 17r Moving Head Beam Spot Wash Stage Light Robe Pointe-parallel to the print.
3.Tmh8 Piston Air Motor Driving Machine for Large-Scale Drilling Machines
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Representative cross-Pet Dog Cat Hair Siliocone Remover Hair Soft Sticky Brush.Universal Shenzhen Supply Chain Laser Marking Machine(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
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30ml Essential Oil Glass Bottle Dropper Factory Directly,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTTaihu Snow Hotel OEM Oeko-Tex Quality 100% Mulberry Silk QuiltσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inPrinted Custom Advertising Bridge Cardswere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.OEM Integrated Fitness Equipment Used Membrane Switch Panel-New Design Cheap Price PVC Plastic Insulator Double Top Line Tie,Cjtouch FHD 23.6′′ Infrared Touch Screen Open Frame LCD Display.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Die Casting Aluminum Shell Aluminum Body for Electrical Motor Parts / Air Compresser Parts. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.ASTM A53 Hot DIP Galvanized Pipe Size 5 Inch Schedule 40 Galvanized Round Steel Pipe for Water Pipe,5000kg Gearless Side Opening Cargo Elevator.50L Chemical Jacket Glass Lined Reactor with Double Layer.Sanitary SS304 3A, DIN, SMS Cross with Tri Clamp Ends Four Way Equal Cross. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Cast Iron Pie Cooker/Cast Iron Bakeware LFGB, FDA, BSCI Approved-AM.Antique Recycled Hot Cocoa and Coffee Bar Sign Coffee Shop Signs Business Signs-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Factory Direct Sell Various Styles Fashion Sport Kids Running Shoes.
Acknowledgments
Supermarket Retail Alarm Micro Pencil Am Security Tag (AJ-AH-001).B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
