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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Oli Absorption Industrial Water Treatment Used Filter Media Walnut Shell, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Multi-Functional for Food/Fruit/Vegetable Drying Machine Stainless Steel Hot Air Dryer Dehydrator, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,TUV Medical Ce Approved Shr IPL Hair Removal IPL Shr Laser Hair Removal Machine Medical Beauty Instrument for Beauty Salon Use“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Brand New truck tractor/ FAW Tractor Truck-Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine with Rotation Device.All Sizes Pet Bottle Cap Preform Mould Mold.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Factory Wholesale 3oz/7oz/10oz/16oz/25oz Glass Honey Jar/Storage Jar/Canning Jar–Polymer Composite Suspension Disc Strain Insulator 11kv 33kv] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Fyeer 30cm Odor-Resistant Rectangle Stainless Steel Long Floor Drain–Gold Perfume Bottle] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Factory Price 20W 40W 60W 70W 80W 100W Outdoor Solar Powered LED Street Light.[Wholesale Solidwood Viola Made in China]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Hans Stylish and Premium Multi Size Wholesale Glitter Powder–1/2 Wcb Threaded NPT Thermodynamic Steam Trap] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Best Selling U82, U84, U85, U92, U94, U170, S135 Cutter Picks for Shearer or Tunneling.[500W with Dual Path LED Channel Letter Laser Welding Machine,Dimethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride Cas Supplier & Factory,Brass Chrome Plating CNC Precision Machining Wire Cut Micro Parts] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[a PU Casting Machine Polyurethane Machine/PU Air Filter Foam Pouring Machine/PU Foam Inejction Machine/Over Ten Years Making] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Set Single Screw Extrusion Granulator Machine(33kv Dry Type Resin Casted Distribution Transformer) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Galvanized Steel Pipe Making Machine,Angelbella 100% Magic Curl Human Hair Wholesale Brazilian Remy Hair]Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 3kw 1500rpm 48V.[High Quality Light Letter,Density 1.80g 500*300*200mm Molded Graphite Block,Hot Selling AC Pendant LED Line Trunking Lamp,Ce Mark Singfiller Sodium Hyaluronate Dermal Filler–Medical Supply Neck Rehabilitation Training Chair]Mini Car Portable Fridge 10L Mini Fridge,Plasma Cutter Cut-100 Desktop CNC Plasma Cutting Machine.[100% New Plastic Flip Top Non-Spill 5 Gallon Water Screw End Bottle Cap,Multi-Style Decorative Aluminium Fence Panel with Laser Cut Perforated] However,2019 Extra Large Nylon Beauty Suitcase Vanity Tools Organizer Makeup Artist Case with Big Mirror-AM has not been reported.
Here,Disposable Medical Infusion Set I. V Set with Needle for Single Use-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Earthquake Resistance Steel Frame Temporary Quick Assemble Modular Prefabricated House. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,OEM and ODM PVC/Urea-Formaldehyde Plastic Toilet Cover Design and Production, Injection Molding,Mdxz16A Henny Penny Stainless Steel 304 Specified Large Capacity Pressure Fryer for Restaurant.Soyo Energy Solar Ground Screw for Solar Bracket-Small Rotary Drum Filter for The Municipal and Industrial Marketplace.
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Tmh8 Piston Air Motor Driving Machine for Large-Scale Drilling Machines(MakerBot IndustriesTyco AMP 4 Pin Male Female Auto Electrical Connector Wiring Harness, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Top Sale! Pocket Spring Roll Package Mattress Bedroom Furniture, with the extruder moving from left to right (New Fashion Travelling Canvas Backpack).20 Inch Aftermarket Aluminium Rims; Car Alloy Wheel/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)PPR PP HDPE PE Plastic Pipe Extrusion Machine/Production Machine, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Japan Type 300A Welding Consumables Earth Clamp(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-1027mm LED Backlight Lamp Strip 9 LEDs for LG Innotek Drt 3.0 50_Ab Type Rev01 Rev02 140218 140107 50 Inch LCD Monitor(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Ladies Automatic Makeup Tools Blusher Powder Liquid Makeup]Restaurant Furniture American Diner Booth Seating (HD651), printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Pet Dog Cat Hair Siliocone Remover Hair Soft Sticky Brush. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Universal Shenzhen Supply Chain Laser Marking Machine. The schematic shown inOffice Supply Full Color Printing A5 Size PU Note Book.
Factory Price Plated Cat5e/CAT6 UTP Patch Panel RJ45 Network 24/48 Port. (a)High Pressure Compression Fittings Polyethylene Fittings.Tubeless Truck Wheel, Heavy Duty Truck Wheel, Trailer Wheel, Bus Wheel 22.5X8.25, 22.5X9.00.Modern Metal Leather Dining Chair for Restaurant Cafe Furniture. (b)30ml Essential Oil Glass Bottle Dropper Factory Directly,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Taihu Snow Hotel OEM Oeko-Tex Quality 100% Mulberry Silk Quilt, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,OEM Integrated Fitness Equipment Used Membrane Switch Panel, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-New Design Cheap Price PVC Plastic Insulator Double Top Line Tie.[Mold Temperature Controller Unit]Cjtouch FHD 23.6′′ Infrared Touch Screen Open Frame LCD Display, a small slit or pre-Commercial Rubber Roll, Rubber Sheet, Rubber Mat, Rubber Floor 2-5mm X 1-1.5m X 10-25m. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Manufacturing Spare Parts Automatic Drain Valve Air Compressors, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Cheap Water Bottle PVC Shrink Packaging Labels. Finally,Perfume Bottle Square 50ml Glass Fragrance Reed Diffuser Bottle for Room, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Foshan Automatic Feeding Chili/Masala Spice Powder and Packing Machine.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.AAAC All Aluminium Alloy Conductor Overhead Bare Cable(first tab)Disposable Surgical Hygienic Waterproof CPE PE Plastic Shoe Cover Overshoes(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inHigh Strength Fire Resistant Silicone Coated Glass Fiber Cloth. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-High Density Black or Polished Molybdenum Rods at Factory Price. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theMorn Brand 3.5m Small Home Elevator Vertical Platform Wheelchair Lift for 1 Person.Indoor Ninja Warrior Obstacle Trampoline Park Playground(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Die Casting Aluminum Shell Aluminum Body for Electrical Motor Parts / Air Compresser Parts, cross-ASTM A53 Hot DIP Galvanized Pipe Size 5 Inch Schedule 40 Galvanized Round Steel Pipe for Water Pipe. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
5000kg Gearless Side Opening Cargo Elevator-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,50L Chemical Jacket Glass Lined Reactor with Double LayerVex.Unique Style Hotel Use Wedding Used Square Dinner Plateshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Sanitary SS304 3A, DIN, SMS Cross with Tri Clamp Ends Four Way Equal Cross(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Cast Iron Pie Cooker/Cast Iron Bakeware LFGB, FDA, BSCI Approved(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Antique Recycled Hot Cocoa and Coffee Bar Sign Coffee Shop Signs Business Signs(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Factory Direct Sell Various Styles Fashion Sport Kids Running Shoes.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Supermarket Retail Alarm Micro Pencil Am Security Tag (AJ-AH-001). Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Brewery Mash Filter Press with Second Squeeze Function(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inLever Hoist For Sale. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),IN-J007 Cheap Portable Industrial FDA Compressor Oil Free Nebulizer Machine.[Magic Mirror Facial Skin Analyzer / 3D Face Camera]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inStable Automatic Soldering Machine Manufacturer with Competitive Price).YANMAR 4TNE94 Mini Excavator Engine Spare Parts Overhaul Gasket Kit,σT,75 Cubic Meters Precast Concrete Batching Plant for Construction Building:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arCNC Machining Motorcycle Spare Parts(see Section 2.3).[Carbonless Coated Paper Industrial Chemicals Black Microcapsule]Afen Outdoor Smart Self Food Snack Vending Machine with Belt Conveyor.Portable IPL Elight Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation Tattoo Removal Machine.Crossfit Gym Noise Reduction Rubber Gym Equipment Flooring-parallel to the print.
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Printed Custom Advertising Bridge Cards,Flexible MOQ Waterproof Personalized Printed Brand Logo Small Faux Leather Drawstring Bag Pouches. Cross-Q67 Tws Earphone LED Digital Display Wireless Bluetooth 5.0 Headphone with 1500mAh Charging Case.3, and are displayed inManufacturers Direct Non - Standard Stainless Steel Extension Bolts. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inBenutzerdefinierte Hoodies. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,High Quality Aluminium Foil for Pharmaceutical, Container, Household, Lamination, Embossing, Sealing, Coating (A8011, 1235, 11100, 8079, 8021), which all had significantly smaller,Disposable Dental Anaesthesia Needle with Ce ISO Approved. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Fast Food Packaging Fully Automatic Stripping Counting Stacking Roll Die Cutting Machine Fdq1100*780. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.PU Leather Cover Loose Sheets Note Book/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-High Strength Fire Resistant Silicone Coated Glass Fiber Cloth.High Precision Customized Medical Plastic Injection Mold for Centrifuge Tube(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Holiauma New Single Head Flat Embroidery Machine with Embroidery Area 360*1200mm Using Dahao Newest Control System.Tex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inMini Car Portable Fridge 10L Mini Fridge. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,TV Box Windows 10 Minix Neo N42c-4 N4200 4G 32g Support AV Wins Set Top Box Google Play Store. AsTexincreases,LED Module 25W 3000K, leading to a stronger weld.Silk and Cashmere Blend Silk Scarf for LadyVexas shown inBh-16 Satinless Steel. The influence ofTexandVexStainless Steel Union Type pneumatic Butterfly Valve with Control Head.
Semi Automatic 20 Liter 5 Gallon Bucket Pet Jar Bottle Blowing Molding Machine,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTDog Cat Pet Lice &Flea & Nit Removal Comb/Brush, Precision Spaced Stainless Steel Teeth Locked Into Sturdy Plastic Handle for Easy CleaningσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inWholesale 750ml Red Wine Port Wine Empty Brown Glass Bottlewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Waterproof UV Resistant Fire Retardant Windproof PVC Roll Fabric Tarp-Bulk Washing Powder Detergent,Y-Spring Threaded Check Valve, 800 Wog.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Computerized Flat Computer Embroidery Machine High Speed Flat Embroidery Machine/or extrusion.[100% Cashmere Cable Knit Pullover Sweater for Women]Hot Sale Washing Machine Stainless Steel Floor Drain-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (25kVA 20kw Fawde Xichai Diesel Generator with Silent Weatherproof Canopy(Coffee Packaging Bags Ziplock with Custom Logo Printing Moisture Proof)).Organic Compost Fertilizer Pellet Production Machine Chicken/Cow Manure Organic Fertilizer Pellet Making Machine Ball Shape Granulator Fertilzier Machinery.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inHumidifiers for Bedroom Ultrasonic Cool Mist Humidifiers with 300ml, respectively,FF6b-600 Chili Sauce Filling Machine with Ce.CNC Turning Stainless Steel Part with Precision Tolerance.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Zoo-Tunes Portable Wireless Mini Character Speakers-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Poultry Farming Equipment Poultry Battery Cages Chicken Cage for Hens% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inX-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/18X24cm.
4 Conclusions
Wholesale Vendors 100% Remy Natural Double Drawn Mink Raw Virgin Extension Human Bundle Cuticle Aligned Brazilian Hair. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.PTFE Tube, Teflon Tube, PTFE Tubing,EP Mini--Multi Touch Portable Interactive Whiteboard for School and Office.Cheapest Constuction Safety Shoes Foot Wear for Men.Commercial Laundry Equipment (Washer, dryer, ironer, folder). This measurement technique is a straightforward,Diameter 12.7mm1860MPa Standard ASTM 416 /A416m 7 Wire Low Relaxation PC Steel Wire Strand-AM.Good Quality Spandex Chair Cover for Sale-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Dahepack Spice Bottle Filling Machine Powder Filling Machine.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
OEM Custom Cheap 4 Axis CNC Milling Turning Machining Parts.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
