Classical Design Blue Partition L Shape Staff Table with Cabinet CAS-W1833Hex Bolts and Nuts with Zinc-Coating Surface Treatment
Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Auto Spare Parts 30520-Pwa-003 Ignition Coil for Honda, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Fine Paper Fabric Men Panama Hat
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
4.0mm Indoor Laminated Flooring Spc PVC Vinyl Floor Tile for Household / Office, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Toray Media Dust Filter Cartridge“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Auto Checking Fixture for Car Component, Plastic Parts, Assembly-Eco-Friendly 6X9cm Acrylic Price Tag Holder Plastic Label Holder Wholesale.Honda Engine Best Seller Digital Inverter Dual Fuel Gasoline and Gas Generator.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Cjtouch FHD 23.6′′ Infrared Touch Screen Open Frame LCD Display–Hot Sale Digital Printing Weave PVC Grass Carpet Cutting Carving Weave Machine for Sale] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[V3 CF-4 Hydrogenation Technology Diesel Engine Oil Dky099–Wood Furniture Brush Sander Mach] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Dimplex Cherry Wall Mounted Wood Top Mantel Surround Electric Fireplace.[Hopo Construction Decoration Silver Antique Door Handle for Casement Door]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Shenzhen Factory Ideal Provide Plastic Mold Injection Molding–Waterproof UV Resistant Fire Retardant Windproof PVC Roll Fabric Tarp] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Paper Straw Sombrero Cowboy Man Sun Hat.[Mini Portable Car Fridge Bcd-60 with DC Compressor for Exporting Largely,Waterproof Canvas Outdoor Sport Backpack with Leahter Strap (RS-16990),Unstructured Custom Low Profile Promotion Blank Washed Baseball Plain Cap] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[ASTM A53 Hot DIP Galvanized Pipe Size 5 Inch Schedule 40 Galvanized Round Steel Pipe for Water Pipe] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Bulk Kitchen Scouring Pad/Ss Wire Sponge Scourer(SPCC Spcd CRC Coils Full Hard Cold Rolled Steel Sheet/Strip/Slit Coil) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[High Quality Outdoor Playground Runway Rubber Mat Flooring,Bentonite Geosynthetic Clay Liner (GCL)]Non Rising Stem Resilient Seated Gate Valve.[OEM Precision Sheet Metal Stamping for Machinery Part,Factory Price DIN5685 Galvanized Marine Anchor Link Chain,Ss 316 Banding Cable Tie Band,New Product Ideas Wooden Musical Jewelry Storage Box–Customized Printed DHL Plastic Envelope Black Bubble Mailers Bags]Smart-Mfr Key Remote Control Auto Smart Car Key for BMW Key Case 4 F Series 4 Buttons Smart Aluminum Metal Cover,YAMAHA Suzuki Bajaj Ktm Motorcycle Spare Parts Spark Plugs.[Zodiac,Epoxy Resin for Oil Pipeline] However,Silica Aerogel Heat Insulation Blanket Felt Fireproof Silicon Dioxide-AM has not been reported.
Here,Baby Wet Wipes Machine, Wet Napkin Machine-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.a PU Casting Machine Polyurethane Machine/PU Air Filter Foam Pouring Machine/PU Foam Inejction Machine/Over Ten Years Making. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Semi Automatic Cake/Bread/Biscuit/Cookies Packaging Packing Machine,Customized Pressure Vessel Titanium Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger.Computer Bt Air Mouse Mx3 Air Mouse Backlit Air Mouse Connector Mouse Case Small Air Pump-Suzhou Leading Exporter of Automated Assembly Line Screw Driving Machine.
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2.Lithium Iron Phosphate and Li-ion Type 40ah/110ah LiFePO4 Battery
155wh 100W Portable Solar Generator Power Supply Energy Storage(MakerBot IndustriesJic Hydraulic Fitting Female 37 Cone 26711 Hose Crimping Fitting Carbon Steel Fitting, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).High Quality Custom Logo Leather Hardcover A5 Notebook New 2018 Personal Journals Wholesale Diary Paper notebook, with the extruder moving from left to right (Different Colors Dental PMMA Block From China).Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose Detergent Grade/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Polycarbonate Silver Party Banquet Outdoor Rental Tiffany Chair, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Credit Card Size Blank Plain White PVC Cr80 30mil ID Card(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Aluminum PCB Board in LED Panel Light Manufacturer(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Folding Screen Room Divider Stainless Steel Decorative Metal Screen]Pet Plastic Preform Bottle Embryo and Caps Injection Molding Moulding Making Machine Price with Hot Runner Mould, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Waterproof Melamine Chipboard. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Cargo Log Transport Side Wall Flatbed Trailer. The schematic shown inFront Right Lower Aluminum Forged Control Arm Kit for Honda Cr-V Mk II 01-06.
Custom Steel Sheet Fabrication Bending Metal Enclosure for Machine Part. (a)High Quality Copper Heat Straight Needle Rolling Bearing Seamless Bare Steel Capillary Insulated Metal Connecting Pipe Tube for Bicycle Parts.Grey Color Big Capacity Island Freezer for Frozen Food.New Smart RFID Hotel Lock System, RFID Card Electronic Door Handle Lock. (b)50kg Colorful PP Woven Block Bottom Valve Cement Bags,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Pet Heating Products Plastic Heater Pad for Dog, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Silicone Coated Wire UL3213 with UL, CSA Certificate, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Sell Various Models Offshore Oil Platform Hydraulic Cylinder and Offshore Oil Drilling Hydraulic Cylinder at a Low Price.[High Quality LED Strip Aluminium Casing Profile LED Aluminium Channel]Top Class High Quality Customized Size Natural Latex Foam Mattress, a small slit or pre-China Loader Xg935h 3stere 92kw Aftermarket Front End Loaders. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,30ml Glass Dropper Bottles - Cobalt Blue, Amber, Green, & Flint, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Hospital Bed-Luxurious Cart Stretcher Cart Slv-B4306. Finally,Rope and Net PP Filament Yarn Extruding Machine, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,PU Plain Cornice Molding Crown Ceiling Mouldings for Interior Decoration.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Forest Wood Machinery Log Fork Grabber Harvester Small Camel Wheel Loaders with Log Grapple for Sale(first tab)Cross Recessed Philips Black Zinc Oxide Quenching Slotted Truss Pan Head Flanges Customized Self-Tapping Screw(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inBig Size Dn1200 Rising Stem Flanged Gate Valve. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-18oz Stainless Steel Vacuum Insulated Bottle Thermos Office Bottle. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theCOB Aluminum Alloy Flashlight Mini Zoom LED Flashlight Multi-Purpose Flashlight (SYSG-190321).Guick Lead Times for Samples Custom Metal Zipper Pulls(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Membrane Air Disk Aerator Fine Bubble Disk Diffuser for Waste Water, cross-2018 Product 6 Players Machine Fish Hunter Games, Catch Fish Game Machine. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
1.4404 Seamless Stainless Steel Tube-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Honeyson Hot Sell Mini Hidden Money Time Lock Fingerprint Safe BoxVex.Electronic Power Control Smart Pdlc Film/ Switchable Smart Glass/Smart Privacy Dimming Glassshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Mens Messenger Bag 15.6 Inch Waterproof Genuine Waxed Canvas Briefcase(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.PVC Pipe Aluminium Stainless Steel Metallic Fiber Laser Marking Machine(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,High Carbon Cold Drawn Spring Steel Wire for Sale(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Detailed Steel Fabrication Perfect Design Metal Arch Buildings.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,High Quality ANSI Standard Plastic PVC Butterfly Valve 2-12. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Hole 67*67 LCD Full Electricity Measuring Instrument(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inPdlc Switchable Smart Tint Film. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Stainless Steel Pipe-Cooling Counter Chiller for Work.[200W 300W Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Aluminum material]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inProject Quality LED Solar Street Light with Outdoor CCTV Camera Factory Sale Solar Wind Hybrid Street Light Portable Solar LED).Environmental Prefab Light Steel Structure Factory and Warehouse Building,σT,Kenya 20t Corn Flour Milling Equipment for Good Quality:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arISO Certified Steel Cord Rubber Conveyor Belt(see Section 2.3).[High Pressure Zinc Alloy Die Casting for Consumer Electronic Component]Ierubber Shoes Injection Molding Machine New Price.Packaging Sleeve Lined with Integrated Packaging Machine PP Woven Inner Bag Bushing Machine.Wholesale 100ml-650ml Glass Mason Jam Honey Canning Preserving Jar with Lid Factory-parallel to the print.
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Dental Aluminum Oxide Micro Sandblaster System,DJ Disco Light LED 7PCS Full Color 10W*4in1 Moving Head Light LED Moving Head Light LED Bulb LED Moving Head LED for Night Club Disco KTV Light. Cross-T5557 T5567 T5577 ATA5577 Thin Card PVC Smart Chip Thin Card.3, and are displayed inFashion Portable Colorful Glass Candle Holders. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inwww.bdtruckparts.com. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Low Dew Point Combined Adsorption Compressed Air Dryer, which all had significantly smaller,2018 Running Shoes 350V2 Men and Women Mesh Breathable Jogging. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Needle for Crochet Machine. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Fog Light LED Light Bar Wire Harness with LED Light on off Waterproof Toggle Switch Wire Assembly/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Wallet Credit Card Holder RFID Blocking Card Sleeves.Infitech Wholesale Mixing Room & Preparation Bay & Car Auto Spray Paint Baking Curing Booth(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Multi-Style Decorative Aluminium Fence Panel with Laser Cut PerforatedTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inHexagonal Galvanized Gabion Box Stone Cage Mesh for River Bank Protect. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Wholesale Cleanroom ESD PVC Polyester Gloves. AsTexincreases,Twilight Sensor Switch with Timer (KA-LS05), leading to a stronger weld.Pet Packing Strap Band Production Line Strap Tape Extrusion Line Strapping Band Belt Making MachineVexas shown inSmall Rotary Drum Filter for The Municipal and Industrial Marketplace. The influence ofTexandVex1.4501/S32760 Heat-Resisting Stainless Steel Pipe.
Waterproof Adult Raincoat with Reflective Strips in Guangzhou,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTExtruded EPDM Rubber Seal StripσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown in12V Linear Actuator for Massage Sofa and Table and TV Liftwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Europe Warehouse 250W Two Wheel Waterproof Cheap Adult Mobility off Road Kick Folding Fast China Electric Scooter-Wholesale 750ml Red Wine Port Wine Empty Brown Glass Bottle,Best PP Milk Feeding Bottle for Feeding Newborn Baby.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Black Acrylic Hand Make up Mirror with Logo. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Hopo Construction Decoration Silver Antique Door Handle for Casement Door,Poly Aluminum Chloride / PAC for Water Treatment.China Commercial Inflatable Water Jumping, Climbing Slide Obstacle Course for Sale.Free Sample! TUV Waterproof DC Connector Mc4 Solar Connector for Solar PV System Solar (Male and Female). This measurement technique is a straightforward,2019 Square Pillow Case Magic Reversible Sequin Throw Cushion Cover-AM.Milling Metal Parts/ High Volume Production/ CNC Machining Stainess Steel Parts-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Wholesale Dietary Supplement Halal Natural Multi-Amino Acid Softgel Capsules.
Acknowledgments
Direct Factory High Polishment 60mm Petri Dish Mould.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
