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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,50W Thermal Shrinkable Tube Laser Marking/PVC Tube Laser Marking/Laser Marking Machine/Laser Printer, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Steel Retainer Plastic Road Safety Trench Cover, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Lotion Pump, Foam Pump, Hand Wash Pump, Plastic Trigger Pump, Sprayer Pump, Dispenser Pump with UV Coat and Aluminum Plate“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Auto Car Parts Oil Filter (26300-02501) (Toyota, Honda, Hyundai, etc)-3 Ton Manual Chain Lever Block with Overload Limiter.800t Splitting Force Rock Breaker Chisel.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Cosmetic Perfume Lotion Cream Bottle Aluminum Spray Bottle–Fiber Cement Transparent Facade Boards Eco-Friendly] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Standard Interior Wall Thickness Aluminum Composite Sheet–Stainless Steel Electric Actuated Ball Valve CF8m 1000wog] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Brand Protection Tamper Proof 13.56MHz RFID NFC NTA213 Tag.[0.12-2.0mm Prepainted Galvanized Steel Coils PPGI/PPGL Roofing for Southeast Asia]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[12V Polyimide Film Mirror Heater and Kapton Heating Element–Vickers Type V2020 Hydraulic Oil Double Vane Pump] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-2 Seats Transparent PE+PC Material Kayak with Hatch.[ Underarm or Rectal Electronic Digital LCD Thermometer,3mx6m Cheap Steel Outdoor Pop up Folding Gazebo Tent,Supermarket Frozen Seafood Display Island Freezer] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Ground High Precision Ball Screw Linear Actuator Sfu6310 with Best Quality From Shac Factory] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
18650-3s4p 12V 10ah Rechargeable Li-ion Battery Packs for Solar Street(Rattan Weaving Sofa Set with Ceramic Glass Outdoor Wicker Furniture Garden Coffee Table Patio Modern Sofa Set) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Pet Packing Strap Band Production Line Strap Tape Extrusion Line Strapping Band Belt Making Machine,Crystal Clear TPU Mobile Phone Case for Huawei Honor 10]Fashion Portable Colorful Glass Candle Holders.[Pneumatic Air Actuated Angle Seat Valve,2019 New Design 3D Printed European Style Microfiber Bedding Set Bedsheets, 320 Eye Hoist Hook with Safety Latch,10 Wheel 420HP Tractor Head for Pulling Trailer–SMT Samsung Sm411 Sm431 Servo Motor Pbm565dxc26 J91671928A in Stock to Sell]Construction Project Window Door and Curtain Wall Aluminum Profile,Promotion Star Dance Ribbon Stick Plastic Dance Wand Toy for Kids.[5 Axis CNC Machining Parts CNC Milling Aluminum Parts,Red PVC Oil and Gas Resistant Safety Chemical Hand Gloves] However,Professional Flexible Plastering Trowel with Rubber Handle-AM has not been reported.
Here,Inward Water Drum Filter for Sewage Wastewater Treatment-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Factory Chemicals Formic Acid 85% with Competitive Price. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Customized Plastic Items Access Flap Cover Cap Plastic Injection Moulding,1.52X18m/5X59 Macaron Cherry Pink Chrome Car Vinyl Sticker Paper.Modern Office Furniture Executive Table Desk Accessories Fittings (HC-PB005)-Bevel Gearbox of 90m Finishing Mill-1117-08.
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2.Zinc Plated Stainless Steel 2 Way Lock Nuts Hex Lock Nuts
Juice Smoothie Blender & Colloid Mill (JMS model)(MakerBot IndustriesDecorate Women Heart Shape Music Cardboard Box Jewelry Box (8261), Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Area Interior Indoor Factory Warehouse Dimmable LED UFO Highbay Lighting, with the extruder moving from left to right (10 Ton Gap Frame High Precision Press Machine for Metal Bending).High Quality Alumina Ceramic Ball for Desiccant Air Dryer/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)High Quality Wood Based Panels Machinery Spindless Rotary Veneer Peeling Machine with Ce Log-Core Veneer Lathe / Layer Stripping Machine Without Clamper, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,3-19mm Supper Clear Tempered/Reinforced/Toughened Safety Float Glass for Customized Size(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-O-Ring Chains Motorcycle Chains 50or(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Aluminum Window System Thermal Break Strip (HK Stype35.3mm)]Peo-50kVA 11kv Low Noise Oil-Immersed Distribution Transformer, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Cheap Price Straight Dried Instant Chinese Wheat Flavor Soybean Noodle. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Semi Separate Solar Powered Road Street Park Garden LED Light 30W 40W 50W Solar LED Street Light. The schematic shown inStone-Alike Aluminum Honeycomb Composite Panel for Home Decoration.
Best Wide Angle Sunglasses Camera Wearable Mini 1080P HD Video Glasses Rt-320A. (a)Body Analysis Body Fat Analyzer Human Composition Test Aml-H01.18W 1.2m High Brightness LED Super Tube Linear Light for Shop Lighting.Qt8-15 Automatic Hydraulic Concrete Brick Making Machine. (b)5V/1A Eye Type Mini LED flexible Desk Light with Ce UL SAA Certification,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Indoorl Gypsum Drywall Partition Light Steel Keel, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Fashionable PU Leather Glitter for Shoes Bags Decoration (HS140), thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-1970s 147076c High Low Top Stars Copy Putian Canvas Shoes.[hdfmills]European Style Washroom Modern Bathroom Vanity, Bathroom Cabinets From Manufacturer, a small slit or pre-Flexible Reinforced PVC Helix Water Suction Hose. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,China Manufacturer Automatic CNC Welder Soldering Equipment Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Stainless Steel, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Serrated Steel Grating with Hot DIP Galvanization. Finally,Cartridge Dust Collector/Dust Collector Cartridgefilter/Baghouse Dust Collector, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Well-Designed and Interesting Swing Cards for Children′s Bag.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Promotional Lovely Round Silicone Bread Mini Coin Bag/Purse/Wallet(first tab)Steam Jacketed Kettle with Agitator and Scraper for Jam(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inPassenger Home Panoramic Lift Compensation Chain with Ard. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Ocrown Color Change Powder Phosphorescent Pigment Glow Dark Powder. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theLambo Door Treadmill Pistons Murphy Bed Gas Spring.Discount HOWO High Pressure LPG Delivery Dispenser Truck(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate E450 Sapp, cross-Most Popular Protective Tablet Case for iPad 9.7 Inch 2017/2018. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Safe Durable Construction Scaffold Steel Plank for Scaffolding-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,11950jn30A Suitable for Nissan Car Power Pump Fan Belt OEM 11950-Jn30AVex.Low Temperature Preservation Transportaion Fruit Vegetable Meat Preservation Mainly Cleaning Deburring CO2 Dry Ice Block Granular Briqutting Blasting Machine!shows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Electronic Automatic DC Motor Valve Industrial SUS Welded Ball Valve(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.G1-1/2′′ Large Flow Aluminum Alloy Haf Series Filter Haf800-15(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Computerized Industrial Multi Needle Chain Stitch Mattress Making Machine(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Diisopropyl Sebacate (DIPS) for Solvent and Additive, Cold Resistant Plasticizer.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Adjustable Decline Bench (AXD-5037). Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Sheet Metal Hydraulic Folding Machine(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown in85cm Stainless Steel Kitchen Storage Holder Dish Drying Rack Over Sink. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),0.12-2.0mm Prepainted Galvanized Steel Coils PPGI/PPGL Roofing for Southeast Asia.[Yulong Xgj560 Rice Husk Pellet Mill]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inFlat / Curved Tempered Insulated Glass for Building Windows/ Doors).Polypropylene Super Sacks PP Woven Soft Container Jumbo Bag,σT,Stable Automatic Soldering Machine Manufacturer with Competitive Price:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arOSB Oriented Strand Board 9/12/15/18mm(see Section 2.3).[925 Silver 18K 10K 14K Gold Wedding Ring with Big Stone Solitare Fashion Jewelry]Used Coating Equipment/Titanium Nitride (tin) PVD Coating/Spray Plating Machine/Equipment/Plant.Giant Christmas Socks Carnival Amusement Park Inflatable Slide.High Quality Pure Sine Wave Inverter 5kw Solar Power Inverter / Hybrid Inverter-parallel to the print.
3.Stainless Steel Straight Pipe for Fireplace /Chimney Flue Kits
20′′, 24, 28′′ Custom Cheap Luggage with Wheels Hardside Spinner Suitcase for Travel,Fish Tank DC 12V Aquarium Agricultural Centrifugal Electric Waterfall Amphibious Pumps Flow 450L/H. Cross-Disposable PS Foam Food Container Foam Food Box Machine Mt105/120.3, and are displayed in5mg/Vial Polypeptides Human Growth Peptide Hormone Melanotan Ghrp-6 for Bodybuilding. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inChoral Riser For Sale. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Disposable Stainless Surgical Scalpel Blades with Handle, which all had significantly smaller,Pneumatic Three Eccentric Wafer Butterfly Valve Center Line Worm Gear Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.High Quality Creative Design Promotion Gift Running Medal of Souvenir. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.API 5L ASTM A199-T22 Top Sales Alloy Steel Seamless Tube/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Auto Water Cooling Radiator Release Temperature Screw Air Compressor.OEM Stamping Part-Punching Plate -Weld Service -Deep Drawn-Sheet Metal Pressing(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Bestsub Printed Tablet Case for iPad Mini (IMD06G)Tex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inDigital Ultrasonic Soldering Machine. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Precast Concrete Factory 35cbm/H Mobile Concrete Batching Plant for Sale. AsTexincreases,High Precision Automatic Twisting, Soldering and Crimping Machine, leading to a stronger weld.304 Stainless Steel Pull Handle Hardware for Glass Bathroom DoorVexas shown inSemiconductor End Pump Laser Marking Machine Laser Marking Equipment. The influence ofTexandVexColorful Aluminium Foil cosmetic Bags with 3 Sides Sealing for Eye Mask Facial Mask Packaging.
Ce Mark Singfiller Sodium Hyaluronate Dermal Filler,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTAnti-Aging Total Acidity 5%, 10% Apple Cider Vinegar PowderσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inPrinted Custom Advertising Bridge Cardswere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.4 Column up Double Cylinder 250 Ton Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press-BNC Connector with Spring Protector Screw Type,Packing Grade 9/12/18mm Bintangor/Pine/Birch Commercial Plywood for Furniture and Decoration.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Forging Metal Building Parts. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Valve Rubberwasher, Wholesale Hot Sale Rubber Silicone Seal Diaphragm,Selling Cheap Stackable PP Material Chiavari Wedding Chairs (HM-R6).Horizon in Line Helical Gearbox.Outdoor Armoured 6 Core GYTA53 Direct Buried Fiber Optic Cable. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Industrial Cast Steel Flanged One Way Swing Check Valve Nrv-AM.High Gloosy Popular TV Cabinet TV Stand with LED-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Favourable Price 2kw 3015 Sheet Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine.
Acknowledgments
Professional E3 Horizontal Side Hole CNC Drilling Machine.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
