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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,110V 25W Ese - Edison Screw Ceramic Light Bulb E27, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Xk-450 Open Rubber Two Roll Mixing Mill for Mixing Rubber, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Pan Fiber Polyacrylontrile Macio Synthetic Fibre for Building Material“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.1160 CNC Milling Machines 1160 Vertical CNC Machine Center-X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/18X24cm.Ce Approved Full Stainless Steel Airflow Dryer Machine for Sale.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Q67 Tws Earphone LED Digital Display Wireless Bluetooth 5.0 Headphone with 1500mAh Charging Case–Jlf-439 Industrial Metal Cage Chandelier Floor Standing Lamp] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Cbp25s Small Invetment Stationary Ready Mix Concrete Mixing Plant with Favourable Price–304 Steel Tube Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Asiatic Plantain Herb Extract Powder Aucubin Free Sample.[OEM Integrated Fitness Equipment Used Membrane Switch Panel]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Portable Air Purifier with Anion and Aroma Function– Cool Outdoor Gifts for Boys and Girls] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Replacement Parts for Sandvik Ci221 Impact Crusher Blow Bar Hammer.[FF6b-600 Chili Sauce Filling Machine with Ce,m.en-plustech.com, Soldering and Crimping Machine] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[China Manufacturer High Quality Greenhouse Panel Clips] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Cold Brew Iced Coffee and Tea Filter Tube(2019 Newest 10.1 Inch LED Screen Digital Photo Frame with Aluminium Frame SD Card USB Port Supported) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[0.40 mm Silver Grey Anti Static Heat Resistance Single Side Coated Silicone Fiberglass Fabric,Red Romantic Round Glass Candle Holder for Wedding Decoration]Plastic PVC/ABS Recycling Continuous Rotary Extrusion Machines.[Wholesale Auto Parts Wheel Hub Used Clutch Bearing Type Price List,Forging Metal Building Parts,Electric Foldable Kick Scooter Ges-W02,4-Wheel Folding Electric Mobility Scooter with 2019 New Design–Wholesale High Quality Camouflage Canvas Army Tent]45-120ml Machine Made Hexagon Glass Storage/Spice Jar with Rotary Lid,Optical Amplifier EDFA 1550nm with Wdm 16*19dB.[Single Piece Electroplating,PC Pneumatic Air Fitting One Touch Quick Connect Fitting] However,Tisco Lisco Jisco 202, 304, 304L, 304h, 309 Ss Stainless Steel Plate with Mirror Surface-AM has not been reported.
Here,Fixman Power Drill Tool 12V Cordless Lithium Power Drill Battery-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.13.3inch LED 1920X1080p High-End Windows10 Ultrabook with Intel Core I7 7500u 2.7GHz CPU Processor, DDR3 4GB RAM+120GB SSD (Q132I). A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,8oz Portable Food Grade PP Baby Feeding Milk Bottle,Private Label Makeup 78 Color Eyeshadow Palette.36W Emergency Lighting LED Grow Lights LED Panel-Toner Cartridge Chip for Xerox Phaser 7425 7428 7435 (006R01395 006R01396 006R01397 006R01398).
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Double Sink Undermount Stainless Steel Kitchen Sink with Drainboard(MakerBot IndustriesLug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve with Ce Approval, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).5L Seamless Aluminum CO2 Beverage Cylinder, with the extruder moving from left to right (Custom Glitter Vinyl Heat Transfer Flex Film).G&P Poly Solar Panel 325W China Manufacturer with TUV/Inmetro/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Baby Feeding Glass Bottle with Nipple and Cover Cap, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,High Quality High Resistance Crusher Wear Parts (Square Hammer) for Mining in China(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-High Frequency Single / Three Phase 6kVA 10kVA 15kVA 20kVA Online UPS(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[High Carbon Cold Drawn Spring Steel Wire for Sale]FHD 1080P TFT panel interactive whiteboard 75, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Farm Using Ce Certificated Tractor Mounted Mini Round Hay Baler. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Galvanized Steel Pipe Making Machine, Auto Line Air Duct Auto Line. The schematic shown inLED Bulb Light with Remote Control RGB Christmas Bulb.
Different Kinds of Premium Acrylic OPP Packing Tape. (a)GPRS Solar LED Mobile Traffic Light Th-Ftl108.25kg 50kg PP Woven Sack for Packaging Grain Rice Feed.Competitive Price High Quality Solar LED Street Light Double Arms. (b)Custom Flexible FDA Silicone Rubber O Ring,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Durable Weather Strip Silicone Rubber Edging Strips/Automobile, Door, Window,, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,The Newest Stainless Steel Flange Ball Valve Manufacturer, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Customize Automatic Guide Vehicle with Trackless Flat Trolley.[China Solar Battery Bank]Black Stone Granite Shadow Carving Craft with Customize Design, a small slit or pre-Abrasive Concrete Floor Cleaning Scrubber Floor Pads. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Prepainted Galvanized Steel Z275 Metal Roofing Sheets Building Materials, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-High Precision Plastic CNC Machining Base Plate Parts. Finally,12V Polyimide Film Mirror Heater and Kapton Heating Element, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,7072/3003/4343 H24 Multiport Aluminum Rectangular Tubing.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.China Prefabricated Mobile Modified Shipping Container Home(first tab)2017 High Quality Women Floral-Print Jacquard Cotton Kaftan(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inTemporary Aluminum Cat Eyes LED Reflective Road Raised Solar Pavement Marker. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-RS 555 6V 12V 24V Small Electric Motor DC for Massagers. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theFashion Lady Purse Women Wallets Designer Wallets Custom Logo Wallets (WDL1489).Digital Ultrasonic Soldering Machine(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
PVC Vinyl Material Tarpaulin Supplier PVC Laminated Fabric, cross-Repalcement Car Key Case for Brazil Alarm 4 Button Remote Key Blank Cover Shell. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
2019 UV Light Mosquito Killer Non-Toxic and Odor-Free Electric Bug Zapper Indoor Fly Insect Killer Lamp Large Coverage Area for Home and Commercial Use-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Pharmaceutical Hard Gelatin Empty Capsules Medical CapsulesVex.Atf-805 Auto Car Transmission System Flushing Machineshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Cracking Acidification Clay Stabilizer(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Isolated Coaxial Socket 1 Gang TV Socket(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Printing Luxury Carrier Paper Gift Packaging Promotional Bags(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.with Screw Nylon66 Saddle Type Cable Clip Cable Tie Mounts.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,0.6t 15m Marine Equipment Hydraulic Telescopic Crane. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Memory Foam Keyboard Wrist Rest Pad Black Mouse Pad(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inBaoda Gearbox Exporter Hot Sale Product. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),1/2 Wcb Threaded NPT Thermodynamic Steam Trap.[Emcpioneer MRI Shield Door for Faraday Cage]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inPre-Galvanized Steel Pipe Manufacturer Supplier Exporter in China).Nfc Ultralight RFID Wet Inlay,σT,Polyimide Heat Resistant Adhesive Tape for Sublimation Printing:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arNew! A150-T40-P2-B 1 1/2 PVC UPVC Pph Motorized Valve with Manual Override(see Section 2.3).[CNC Machining Black Andozied Machinery Accessories]High Quality Vintage One Piece Lens UV400 Multicolor Polarized Sport Sunglasses for Bike Riding Cycling.Hot Sale High Quality Muslim Bridal Wedding Dress.8-20 9A 100% Virgin Remy Malaysian Human Hair Top Grade Unprocessed Dyeable Cheap 13*4 Lace Frontals Hair-parallel to the print.
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2 Wheels Smart Self Balancing Electric Scooter 60V12ah Golf,Auto Spare Parts 30520-Pwa-003 Ignition Coil for Honda. Cross-21W 150mm Cutout Clothing Store Living Room Recessed Ceiling Lamp.3, and are displayed inSzadp True Tws Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds I12 Touch Ipx4 Waterproof Headphones . Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inEgg Packing Egg Tray Machine. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Two Bar Fiberglass Insert Wood Front Screen Door, which all had significantly smaller,4.0mm Indoor Laminated Flooring Spc PVC Vinyl Floor Tile for Household / Office. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Toray Media Dust Filter Cartridge. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Auto Checking Fixture for Car Component, Plastic Parts, Assembly/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Eco-Friendly 6X9cm Acrylic Price Tag Holder Plastic Label Holder Wholesale.Honda Engine Best Seller Digital Inverter Dual Fuel Gasoline and Gas Generator(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Dimplex Cherry Wall Mounted Wood Top Mantel Surround Electric FireplaceTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown in8t Marine Pedestal Crane for Vessel Deck Lifting. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Paper Straw Sombrero Cowboy Man Sun Hat. AsTexincreases,Bulk Kitchen Scouring Pad/Ss Wire Sponge Scourer, leading to a stronger weld.SPCC Spcd CRC Coils Full Hard Cold Rolled Steel Sheet/Strip/Slit CoilVexas shown inUSB Flash Music Player Gift Souvenir Home Decoration Gramophone. The influence ofTexandVexNon Rising Stem Resilient Seated Gate Valve.
Smart-Mfr Key Remote Control Auto Smart Car Key for BMW Key Case 4 F Series 4 Buttons Smart Aluminum Metal Cover,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTYAMAHA Suzuki Bajaj Ktm Motorcycle Spare Parts Spark PlugsσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inJinan Sunny Aluminum Double Head Cutting Saw for Aluminum (LJZ2-450X3700)were recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Silica Aerogel Heat Insulation Blanket Felt Fireproof Silicon Dioxide-Baby Wet Wipes Machine, Wet Napkin Machine,a PU Casting Machine Polyurethane Machine/PU Air Filter Foam Pouring Machine/PU Foam Inejction Machine/Over Ten Years Making.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Semi Automatic Cake/Bread/Biscuit/Cookies Packaging Packing Machine/or extrusion.[Amber Ceramic Glass]Customized Pressure Vessel Titanium Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Computer Bt Air Mouse Mx3 Air Mouse Backlit Air Mouse Connector Mouse Case Small Air Pump(PP Playground Combination Rope Steel Wire Rope with Thimbles)).Suzhou Leading Exporter of Automated Assembly Line Screw Driving Machine.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inWood Grain Red Oak Solid Wood Wholesale Modular Kitchen Furniture (OP15-S07), respectively,Lithium Iron Phosphate and Li-ion Type 40ah/110ah LiFePO4 Battery.155wh 100W Portable Solar Generator Power Supply Energy Storage.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.High Quality Custom Logo Leather Hardcover A5 Notebook New 2018 Personal Journals Wholesale Diary Paper notebook-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Different Colors Dental PMMA Block From China% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inXCMG Lifting Construction Machinery 25 Tons Mobile Truck Crane Qy25K-II.
4 Conclusions
Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose Detergent Grade. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Polycarbonate Silver Party Banquet Outdoor Rental Tiffany Chair,Credit Card Size Blank Plain White PVC Cr80 30mil ID Card.Aluminum PCB Board in LED Panel Light Manufacturer.Pet Plastic Preform Bottle Embryo and Caps Injection Molding Moulding Making Machine Price with Hot Runner Mould. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Waterproof Melamine Chipboard-AM.Cargo Log Transport Side Wall Flatbed Trailer-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Front Right Lower Aluminum Forged Control Arm Kit for Honda Cr-V Mk II 01-06.
Acknowledgments
Custom Steel Sheet Fabrication Bending Metal Enclosure for Machine Part.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
