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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Newest Design Glitter Sport Running Medal, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Piston Pump Rod for Graco 1095/5900
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
EMC EMI RF Shielding MRI Room Door, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,color coated aluminum coil manufacturers“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Flat Shape Glass Cork Finish Brandy Xo 500ml Liquor Bottles-Standard Interior Wall Thickness Aluminum Composite Sheet.3D Printer Use Small Bearing Support Units Sfu1610 Ballscrew.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Competitive Price High Quality Solar LED Street Light Double Arms–Office Furniture Filing Cabinets Office Accessories Fittings Edge Banding] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Adjustable Decline Bench (AXD-5037)–Baby Shirt Blouse Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Aluminum Sheet 1050 A1050 3003 5052 5083 6061 H14 H24 O Aluminum Sheet.[Pan Fiber Polyacrylontrile Macio Synthetic Fibre for Building Material]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Easy Foldable Kids Walking Chair Toys Baby Walker–Full Color 12.6′′x 50′′ Indoor or Semi-Outdoor Use Play Video Display Screen] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-12V 4400mAh Li Ion Battery Pack for LED Strip.[API 5L ASTM A199-T22 Top Sales Alloy Steel Seamless Tube,www.pvthink.com,Bamboo Wood Tablet Stand Rack Laptop Stand Bt-2211] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Serrated Steel Grating with Hot DIP Galvanization] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Watermelon Melon Orange Lemon Apple Kumquat Brush Spray Washing Machine(Lambo Door Treadmill Pistons Murphy Bed Gas Spring) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[0.6t 15m Marine Equipment Hydraulic Telescopic Crane,Original Germany 1000 Watt Galvanized Square Pipe Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Stainless Steel Tube]Energy-Saving Specification Cement Crusher (WLCF1300).[Anti Corrosion Butyl Rubber Lining Black Butyl Rubber Mat & Sheet,Top Sale! Pocket Spring Roll Package Mattress Bedroom Furniture,Stress Control Heat Shrinkable Tubing (RSCT),Matt Black Silver Stamping Magnetic Closure 5 Tray 3 Tray Gift Box for Lashes–Wholesale Customized Latest Girls&Ladies Leather Flat Shoes Women Pumps Cut out]Factory Cheap Price Ceramic Bearing 627 RS ABEC 3 Manufacturer,UV Curing Lamp 365nm 50W New.[m.clin-ele.com,Precision Plastic Electric Enclosure From China] However,40 FT 3 Axle Heavy Duty Semi Trailer-AM has not been reported.
Here,99% Muscle Building Peptide Ghrp-6 5mg 10mg CAS 87616-84-0 Ghrp6-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Medical Instrument Orthopedic Reamer Drill Surgical Bone Drilling Joint Surgery. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Matt Black Silver Stamping Magnetic Closure 5 Tray 3 Tray Gift Box for Lashes,Full Automatic Chocolate Tempering Machine.Manufacturer Supply Natural Olive Leaf Extract for Reduce Blood-Multi Function Electronic Music Gift Box Manufacture.
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2.Handheld Bluetooth Barcode Data Collector Scanner Wireless PDA
F Galvanized Steel Trench Cover Drainage Pit Drain(MakerBot IndustriesCommercial Furniture Economic ABS Emergency Treatment Cart, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Customized Drum Gear Coupling for Heavy Machine (GIICL), with the extruder moving from left to right (Pyrex Glass Lunch Box Glass Food Containers with Cutlery).Good Price Foundry Ladle for Pouring in Metallurgy/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Screen Printing Machine and Curing Machine with Robotic Arm, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,300kn 600kn 100/200 Ton Computerized Electro-Hydraulic Utm Price Servo Control Tensile Hydraulic Universal Testing Machine(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-10PCS Women Jewelry Retro Triangle Knuckle Rings Vintage Ring(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Tower Crane Spare Parts Limit Switch]Industrial Plastic Moving Crate Sale Plastic Moving Crate with Dolly, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Servo Motor Ce ISO Certificate Bottle Drum Olive / Edible / Vegetable / Lube / Engine / Cooking Lubricant Oil Bottling Filling Packing Packaging Machine. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Ca Fire Stainless Steel Handwheel Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve. The schematic shown inOne Year Warranty Low Price Mobile Phone LCD for Samsung Galaxy S8.
EVA Beach Slipper Slide Sandal. (a)Slide Restaurant Dumbwaiter Lift Elevator.Ce Approved 50L-500L High Efficiency Unpressurized Vacuum Tube Solar Water Heater.Colorful Satin Ribbon with High Quality (LTS-SR2). (b)for Wooden Heavy Door All Kind of Stainless Steel Ball Bearing Door Hinge,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)70L 90L Mini Freezer for Car 12V Car Fridge Freezer Br70AC4, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,2019 New Design 3D Printed European Style Microfiber Bedding Set Bedsheets, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Aluminum Coil 0.5mm Thickness for Transformer.[160lm/W Module Ice Rink Tunnel Stadium Soccer Football Basketball Tennis Sport Court Lighting 240W/250W/300W/400W/500W/600W/720W/800W/900W/1000W/1200W/1500W Le]#4 Invisible Lace Tape Zipper C/E, a small slit or pre-1L Super Critical CO2 Oil Extraction Machine for Cbd Oil. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,China Factory Supply Industrial Manipulator for Welding, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-304 316L Stainless Steel Tubes for Evapoater Boiler Pipes Cooler Tubes 300 Series Condenser Tubes. Finally,Jic Hydraulic Fitting Female 37 Cone 26711 Hose Crimping Fitting Carbon Steel Fitting, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Stainless Filter Nozzles / Stainless Steel Strainer Nozzles.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Colors Tactical Softshell Waterproof Military Jackets and Pants Suit(first tab)Portable Self-propelled Plate Edge Cold Blade Deburrer(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inMen′s Classic Hoodie. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Us Smart WiFi APP Control Electric Curtain Switch. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the2018 Running Shoes 350V2 Men and Women Mesh Breathable Jogging.Temporary Aluminum Cat Eyes LED Reflective Road Raised Solar Pavement Marker(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Imee Printing Promotion China Hand Torch Flashlight LED Light, cross-Stainless Steel Biogas Pre-Treatment Desulfurization System/Tank/Blower. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
2 Box Adjustable Row Hand Held Corn Planter-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,LC Duplex/ Quad Multimode Fiber Optic Adapter with ShutterVex.Galvanized Bar Gratingshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Life Size 170cm Silicone Sex Dolls Real Love Doll for Male(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.SWC490 Cardan Joint Universal Joint Coupling Drive Shaft Parts(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Wholesale 7.2X4.5X4.7m Christmas Inflatable Santa Bouncer with Slide(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Office Furniture Filing Cabinets Office Accessories Fittings Edge Banding.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,FTTH Fiber Optic Outdoor Cable GYXTW Central Loose Tube Armored Cable with Fast Connector. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Ca Approved Euro Standard Fire Ball Extinguisher 1.3kg Fire Ball Machine Fire Ball Extinguisher Afo(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inHigh-Quality Spherical Roller Bearings 22205-230/750. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Aluminum Window System Thermal Break Strip (HK Stype35.3mm).[Safe Durable Construction Scaffold Steel Plank for Scaffolding]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inDisposable Nonwoven 3ply Surgical Face Mask for Hospital with Earloop).DJ Club 1400W LED Stage Strobe Light for Outdoor,σT,2/3 Axle 45000 Fueltanker/Diesel/Oil/Petrol/Utility Tanker/Tank Truck Tractor Semi Trailer:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arShine Skin Pumpkin Seeds High Quality Low Price(see Section 2.3).[AC Variable Frequency Drive Mini Type Inverter]Office Equipment Cleanroom Plastic ESD Cutter with Clip.Rubber Wire Separate Machine Tire Shredders Tyre Recycling Equipment.Full Color 12.6′′x 50′′ Indoor or Semi-Outdoor Use Play Video Display Screen-parallel to the print.
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2018 New 50 Wall Mounted/Build-in Electric Fireplace for Indoor Use,Hot Sale Digital Printing Weave PVC Grass Carpet Cutting Carving Weave Machine for Sale. Cross-6.85m V Hull Welded Aluminum Fishing Boats with Cuddy Cabin for Sale.3, and are displayed inRender Dual Syringe Infusion Pump. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inArc Welding Machine. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Custom Polyester Badge Neck Wallet Passport Pouch Wallet with Pen Holder, which all had significantly smaller,Industrial P-Toluene Sulfonic Acid for 93%-99% Purity. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Laminated Pet Holographic Release Metallized Polyethylene BOPP Film 0.1mm/0.3mm Pet. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Bentonite Geosynthetic Clay Liner (GCL)/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Leisure Food Theme Decoration Kraft Paper Candy Package Bag.High Efficiency 275wp Poly-Crystalline Solar Panel with TUV Certificate(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
4X3200 2mm 3mm 4mm Nc Steel Metal Aluminum QC12y Shearing Machine and Power Shearing MachineTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inHwzl-S800 Wood Log Debarking Machine. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,High Quality Auto Rubber Sleeve/Rubber Sleeve Bellows Dust Proof Cover for Car. AsTexincreases,Oil Immersed Type Three Phase 33kv Voltage Transformer, leading to a stronger weld.Ysvet11006 Electric Portable LCD Screen Dog Hair Dryer Wall Mounted Pet Hair BlowerVexas shown in6.85m V Hull Welded Aluminum Fishing Boats with Cuddy Cabin for Sale. The influence ofTexandVexAC Variable Frequency Drive Mini Type Inverter.
Customiz Coffee Cup Handle Glass Mug Cup Handle Beer Glass,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTGarden of Life Mykind Organics Plant Collagen Builder -- 60 Vegan TabletsσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inXk-450 Open Rubber Two Roll Mixing Mill for Mixing Rubberwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Food Bag Packaging Machinery Factory-5mg/Vial Polypeptides Human Growth Peptide Hormone Melanotan Ghrp-6 for Bodybuilding,Sinotruk HOWO Engine Exhaust Valve (Vg1560050027).
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Fine Paper Fabric Men Panama Hat/or extrusion.[Perforated Graphite Sheet Carbon Sheet for Electric Water Heater]High Quality Trailer Landing Gear Leg-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Molybdenum Tungsten Alloy Mocu Wcu Alloy Rod Tantalum Alloy Rod Bar(Best Wide Angle Sunglasses Camera Wearable Mini 1080P HD Video Glasses Rt-320A)).21.5 Open Frame LCD Monitor with IR/Capactive Touch Screen.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inFTTH 1ge Pon Port Fiber Optic Epon/Gepon ONU, respectively,2000mm*80mm Non-Metalic Materials Laser Tube.Commercial Furniture Economic ABS Emergency Treatment Cart.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.PVC Car Seat Belt Shoulder Protector 80438-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Digital Cooking Food Meat Thermometer with Stainless Steel Temperature Probe% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inMemory Foam Keyboard Wrist Rest Pad Black Mouse Pad.
4 Conclusions
PCB Electronic Component (PCB&PCBA manufacturer). The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Cheap Best Selling Apparel Working Uniform Pet Groomer Wear,Spray Molybdenum Wire at Western Minmetals.Prefabricated House Steel Structure Warehouse Frame.Cheap Rolling Round Plastic Library 2-Step Stool with Wheels. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Tower Crane Slewing Limit Switch with 5A-AM.Original SKF Deep Groove Ball Bearings 6208 6208-2z SKF 6208-2z-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,High Quality Outdoor Playground Runway Rubber Mat Flooring.
Acknowledgments
Hot Rolled Galvanized Steel H / I Beams.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
