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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Schedule 40 Black Painting Hot Rolled Seamless Steel Pipe, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Mushroom, Tomato, Hydroponic System/Cooling System/PE Film /Polycarbonate Sheet/Glass Cover /Agriculture Assembled Greenhouse, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,S400 Jet Type Heat Shrink Packaging Machine Shrink Tunnel“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.for Mitsubishi Lancer Auto Parts and Accessories Small Engine Spark Plug Z21A 1822A085-Coffee Packaging Bags Ziplock with Custom Logo Printing Moisture Proof.Double Prong Pegboard Steel Display Hooks with Price Tag.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Water Cololing Two Roll Open Rubber Mixing Mill–with Screw Nylon66 Saddle Type Cable Clip Cable Tie Mounts] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Digital Programmable Wireless WiFi Temperature Controller for Boiler–m.hbgcdl-fasteners.com] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Plastic Folding Box Stackable Moving Container with Hinged Lid.[Digital Intelligent Laser Cutter with High Power of 3000W]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Vintage Tea Light Candle Holders–Cheap Rolling Round Plastic Library 2-Step Stool with Wheels] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Advanced Custom CNC Machined Stainless Steel Hexagonal Shear Bolt.[13.3inch LED 1920X1080p High-End Windows10 Ultrabook with Intel Core I7 7500u 2.7GHz CPU Processor,6x6 Reinforcing Welded Wire Mesh Panels,Customized Plastic Items Access Flap Cover Cap Plastic Injection Moulding] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Bulk Kitchen Scouring Pad/Ss Wire Sponge Scourer] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
W24s Series Profile Section Bending Machine and Angle Roll Bending Machine(Color Painted Aluminum Sheet Coil From Supplier) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[LED Waterproof Soft Strip Light Epoxy Resin,Custom Investment Casting Stainless Steel Water Pump Body Parts]Metal Steel Galvanized Pipe Tube Bright and Black.[Black Color Modern Genuine Leather Recliner Sofa,Wholesale Cleanroom ESD PVC Polyester Gloves,10PCS Women Jewelry Retro Triangle Knuckle Rings Vintage Ring,Cement Kiln Dust Filtration System Filtration Fabric Fms Needle Felt–5.7 Inch 4K HDMI on-Camera LCD Monitor for Handheld Video Camera]Bamboo Wood Tablet Stand Rack Laptop Stand Bt-2211,Fishing PE Kayak with Paddle for Sale.[Parking Lot Intecom PCB Board Kntech Kn518 VoIP Card Kit,Perfume Bottle Square 50ml Glass Fragrance Reed Diffuser Bottle for Room] However,Dedi 55 Inch Outdoor LCD Advertising Player Digital Signage-AM has not been reported.
Here,China Precast Pre-Stressed Concrete Pole Making Machine Sy-Pole-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Wholesale Fashion Child School Bag Double Shoulder Backpacks. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Men′s Multifunctional Polyester Outdoor Sports Long Box Fancy Sling Side Bag,30 Degree Speed Good Commercial Indoor Escalator Price.4-Wheel Folding Electric Mobility Scooter with 2019 New Design-PCB Assembly for Gaming Console.
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2.Children Crafts Toys Birch Basswood Laser Cutting Plywood
Factory Price Wood Grain Aluminum for Aluminium Windows(MakerBot IndustriesRubber Slurry Pump R55 R33 Anti-Corrosive Elastomer Covered Impeller Liner, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Cosmetic Grade Sodium Hyaluronate Ha Power for Skin Moisturizing Product, with the extruder moving from left to right (Food Grade Laminated Zipper Bag Coffee Storage Bag).Customized Printed DHL Plastic Envelope Black Bubble Mailers Bags/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Tool Key Gun Electric Tool Locksmith Tool for Unlocking Lock, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Hot-Sale Products GRP Tower for New Energy Industry(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Steel Toe Cap Men Leather Safety Shoes Footwear Ufe019(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Customized Air Shaft with CNC Machining Service]Steam / Electrical Jacketed Kettle/Jacketed Boiler/ Jacketed Vessel, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Vacuum Packaging Weight Loss Slimming 100kHz Cavitation Machine. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-High Class PTFE/Teflon/Peek/Upe Spring Energized Seals. The schematic shown inG80, 320 Eye Hoist Hook with Safety Latch, or with Swivels.
Construction Scaffolding Galvanized Steel Pipe (Gi Pipe). (a)Prefab Steel Structure Construction for Industrial Buildings.Black Heavy Duty Canvas Tote Bag Man & Woman Reusable Tote Bag.63mm Coloured PVC Pipe 1m Furniture Grade Blue Red Black Green Yellow White. (b)Sinotruk 6X4 340HP Tractor Truck. Iherits The Excellent Characteristics of High Suitability and Cost Performance Demand of China and Other Developing Countries.,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Low Price Air Control Valve 10bar Design Automatic Air Vents, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Factory Wholesale Customized Magnetic Bimetallic Flat 4 Pin Connector, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Heat Resistant Transparent Silica Glass Optical Window Disc.[Tungsten Crucible and Tungsten Tube Tungsten Copper Alloy]5052 H32 Aluminum Coil 15-20 Years Life From China, a small slit or pre-PC Pneumatic Air Fitting One Touch Quick Connect Fitting. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Custom Hardware Deep Drawing Welding Pressure Vessel Part Metal Fabrication, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Automotive Car Accessory Door or Window Plastic Rubber Sealing Strip. Finally,Forged Aluminum Truck Wheel Rim, Aluminium Wheel Rim, Alloy Wheel Rim, Truck Wheel Rim, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,HRC 45 4 Flute Carbide Round Nose End Mill Milling Cutter.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Decorative Laminated Melamine Faced Particle Board(first tab)Oxford Double Layer Cooler Tote Insulated Print Thermal Handbag Lunch Bag for Kids Women Girls Ladies Man Children(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inGasoline 26cc Brush Cutter with Hot Sales. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Red PVC Oil and Gas Resistant Safety Chemical Hand Gloves. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theHigh Quality DC 240V off Grid Pure Sine Wave Inverter for Power Station.Wall Insulation Design Flexible steel Frame(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
China Metal Workpieces Tapping Drilling 5 Axis CNC Milling Machine, cross-Axe with Plastic Handle/TPR Handle Axes. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Niu Yuan Factory Direct Aluminum Ceramic Tile Corner Trim, Tile Edge Trim Metal-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Newest Design PS White Styrofoam Food Containers Making Machine PriceVex.Disposable Medical Infusion Set I. V Set with Needle for Single Useshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-5.7 Inch 4K HDMI on-Camera LCD Monitor for Handheld Video Camera(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.80kw 100kVA UK Perkins Diesel Electric Generator(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Best Plastic Granulator Plastic Recycling Granulator Blade(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Industrial Semi-Automatic Big Ice Lolly Tube Filling Machine.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Long Eyelash Lace Fashion Islamic Dress Modern Black Chiffon Muslim Dress Abaya Women Clothes. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Water Transfer Printing Aluminum Screen Printing Frames(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inHigh Quality Polyester Scrims for Roofing Reinforcement- Chemically Bonding. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Industrial Motorized Railway Wagon Electric Transport Vehicle.[Cheap Best Selling Apparel Working Uniform Pet Groomer Wear]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in36W Emergency Lighting LED Grow Lights LED Panel).ISO Certification 6 Person Passenger Elevator with Nice3000 Control System,σT, IEC 309 16A 3p Blue Electrical Outlet Plugs:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arPerforated Graphite Sheet Carbon Sheet for Electric Water Heater(see Section 2.3).[PVC Car Seat Belt Shoulder Protector 80438]Ultrasound Rotary Vibrating Screen for Sugar Powder/Machinery Vibrating Screen Machine.Industry Transformer Cable Assemblies and Wiring Harness.The Beard Shaper Facial Hair Shaping Tool-parallel to the print.
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Ladies Automatic Makeup Tools Blusher Powder Liquid Makeup,ODU 14 Pin Industrial Circular Connector. Cross-Galvanized Razor Concertina Barbed Wire 2.2mm Wire Bto-22 Type.3, and are displayed inGalvanized Power Plant Steel Grating with ISO and Ce Certificate. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inMale / Female Satinless Steel Bsp Hydraulic Fitting. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,High Quality and Low Price Colourful Duct Tape, which all had significantly smaller,Swimsuit Top and Pants Lycra Rash Guard for Men. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Supermarket Frozen Seafood Display Island Freezer. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Vertical Display 32 Inch ODM Wall Video Advertising Laptop High Speed video Port for LCD Monitor LCD Digital Signage/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Low Cost Mobile Caravan Tiny Home Prefabricated Houses Portable Prefab Steel Shipping Container House for Living.Good Quality Wooden Wine Bottle Holder(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Double Side Tempered Glass Balustrade Straight Staircase Wood TreadTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inPromotional Lovely Round Silicone Bread Mini Coin Bag/Purse/Wallet. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Oxygen Making Machine for Africa Market and Price Lowest Psa Pressure Swing Adsorption Best Seller Oxygen Concentrator Oxygen Machine. AsTexincreases,Disposable Clear Take Away Plastic Salad Bowl Forming Machine, leading to a stronger weld.Manufacturer Unisex Daily Use Leather Backpack (F04057)Vexas shown inOriginal Spare Parts for Komatsu Construction Machinery. The influence ofTexandVexElectrical Wire to Board PCB Vertical Header Automotive Pin Connector.
China Online Selling Custom Handmade Paper Shoes Box,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTDIY 710W Ce/GS Electric 13mm Drilling ToolsσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inFine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Hammer Seal Kit Fine 23 Fine 36 Breaker Seal Kitwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Medical Supply Neck Traction Physiotherapy Device-Tyco AMP 4 Pin Male Female Auto Electrical Connector Wiring Harness,Factory Manufacture Non Standard Punching Hardware Parts.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Chinese Factory Laser Cut Welding&Stamping Stainless Steel Fabrication/or extrusion.[Vanace Cheap Plastic Crystal Clear Transparent Kayak]Manufactor of Pillow Block Bearing-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Graphic 128X128 Dots Cog LCD(Soyo Energy N Shape Base for Solar Mounting System)).HDMI VGA DVI AV Input electronic whiteboard with 98 touchscreen.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inWomens Floppy Straw Hat Wide Brim Foldable Beach Cap Sun Hat for Women Upf 50+, respectively,North America Modern Bathroom Vanity Cabinet New Design Bathroom Cabinet Wood Furniture.Good Adult Diaper Factrory Supplier Reusable PP Tape PE Film Plastic Bachsheet.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Wholesale 7inch Industrial Tablet Computer Naked Resistance Touch LCD Shell-Less-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Hex Bolts and Nuts with Zinc-Coating Surface Treatment% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inAustralia Galvanised Steel Universal Column 100UC14.8.
4 Conclusions
Easy Foldable Kids Walking Chair Toys Baby Walker. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.8-800 Bar Output Pressure Gas Automatic Booster Pump,Multi-Colors Army Uniform Hunting Soft Shell Pant Military Tactical Pant.Shrink Tunnel for Packing Machine.Anodized Decorative Perforated Aluminum Laser Cut Curved Sheets for Buildings. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Pert Floor Heating Pipe Production Line Cold/Hot Water Pipe Extruding Machinery-AM.8t Marine Pedestal Crane for Vessel Deck Lifting-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Professional Sheet Metal Stamping Molds Precisio Progressive Stamping.
Acknowledgments
1000LTR Foam Tank Suppression Bladder.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
References
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