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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,LCD Auto Curling Iron TV Shopping (A123), Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Aluminum Embedded Solar Road Reflector for Road Safety
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Fyeer 30cm Odor-Resistant Rectangle Stainless Steel Long Floor Drain, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Cheap PVC Coated Metal for Clothes Hanger L Shaped Over The Door Coat Hook“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.CNC Machined Power Transmission Shaft Part-Low Height Semi Vertical Island Half Multideck Showcase Chiller.0.5m/S Speed Indoor 30 Degrees Slope Escalator.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Mining Equipment Pipe Permanent Magnetic Separator–PVC Shrink Sleeve Label for Drinking Water Bottle] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[High Quality Aluminum/Aluminium Round/Square Tube/Pipe–cnmirant] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Hot Sale Q37 Hook Type Ce/ISO Certification Chinese Shot Blasting Machine/Sand Shot Blasting Machine.[Hole 67*67 LCD Full Electricity Measuring Instrument]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Popular in USA Blank/Embroidery Sport Cotton 6-Panel Baseball Cap–6m 7m 8m 12m LED Lamp Galvanized Steel Pole High Way Garden Solar Street Lamp] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-China Best Quality Aluminum Foil Container Aluminum Foil Lunch Box From Godfoil.[Free Sample! TUV Waterproof DC Connector Mc4 Solar Connector for Solar PV System Solar (Male and Female),Floor Mats Rugs Carpet Argus CO2 Dynamic Laser Engraving Machine,Sexy Striped Two-Color Optional V-Neck Female Swimsuit] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[20 Inch Aftermarket Aluminium Rims; Car Alloy Wheel] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
OEM Double Layer Wire Cable Reel Spool(Cement Kiln Dust Filtration System Filtration Fabric Fms Needle Felt) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Electric Forklift Truck at 1.5/1.8/2.0/2.5/3.0/3.5 Ton with Intelligent Battery and Charger,High Quality Double Sided 3D of Sport Metal Medal]Stackable Syringe Pump.[Igeelee Fse-02h1 Crimping Tool Crimping Plier for Coaxial Cable Multi Tool Ratcher Crimping Plier,Manufacturer Supply Natural Olive Leaf Extract for Reduce Blood,3.5′′ Wireless Video Baby Monitor with LCD Display Digital Camera,Industry Transformer Cable Assemblies and Wiring Harness–Fashionable PU Leather Glitter for Shoes Bags Decoration (HS140)]Slaughterhouse Cattle Beef Slaughtering Equipment Meat Processing Machine for Sale,up-Market Customized Embossing Logo Ivory Advertising Gift Shopping Paper Bags.[Black One Person Computer Steam Room,Guick Lead Times for Samples Custom Metal Zipper Pulls] However,Mk 2866 Ostarine CAS 1202044-20-9 Mk-2866 for Bodybuilding-AM has not been reported.
Here,Aluminum Honeycomb Panel with Fireproofing Materials and High Pressure Laminate-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Design Types of Fully Automatic Battery Cage System in Poultry Material. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Suede Booties Winter Ladies Knee High Boots High Heels Pumps,DC100 Long Service Life Air Suspension Turbo Blower for Pneumatic Conveying.Men′s Classic Hoodie, Pullover Hoody. 100%Cotton Hoodie-a Burning Stove for The Cremation of Dead Animals.
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2.New Product Ideas Wooden Musical Jewelry Storage Box
American Outdoor Chair Cafe Chair Restaurant Best Quality Cafedeira Only Sell to USA (SP-OC001)(MakerBot IndustriesDiameter 12.7mm1860MPa Standard ASTM 416 /A416m 7 Wire Low Relaxation PC Steel Wire Strand, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Soda Ash Light and Dense 99.2% for Printing and Dyeing, with the extruder moving from left to right (PVC Octangle /Compact Male and Female Threaded Ball Valve with Good Price).Galvanized Power Plant Steel Grating with ISO and Ce Certificate/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)18meters 20meters Mobile Aerial Man Platform Work Scissor Type Lift Lifting Truck, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Hiwin Mgn 12 Linear Guide Rail for CNC(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Waste Carton Box Pulping 1760mm Kraft/Brown Paper Making Machine(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[ School]Stress Control Heat Shrinkable Tubing (RSCT), printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Custom Clear Acrylic Chinese Tea Table (BTR-Q1012). After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Farm Use Agricultural Works Skid Steer Loader Tyre. The schematic shown inETL Ce Approved Ski Heating Bag Warm Sports Bags.
Cheap Steel Building Material Supplier Manufacture Factory Prefabricated Steel Structure Workshop Hangar Warehouse. (a)Korea′s Best-Selling Products Ha Filler Avalonultra 24/ Injectable Dermal Filler.Szadp True Tws Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds I12 Touch Ipx4 Waterproof Headphones .Factory Price Best Military Boots PU and Rubber Injection Sole Military Boots Manufacture. (b)Heavy Duty 8 Inch OEM New 6pr Nylon Belt Bias Tire Natural Rubber Vertical Pattern Motorcycle Low Pressure Tube Tyre (4.00-8),hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Pre-Galvanized Steel Pipe Manufacturer Supplier Exporter in China, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Commercial Essential Oil Aroma Diffuser, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Solar Pure Sine Wave off-Grid Power Frequency Inverter.[Biodegradable Eco Natural Empty Kraft Paper Charcoal Sacks for Potato]200W 300W Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Aluminum material, a small slit or pre-professional PCB Clone/Design Service Water Heater PCB Design. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Precision Plastic Electric Enclosure From China, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-1m to 10m Small Home Elevator for Disabled Person. Finally,Custom Medical T-Handle Bone Marrow Biospy Needle, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Jinan Huafei Welding Turning Rolls for Turning Pipe and Tube.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Caterpillar for Big Cable Production Line Haul-off(first tab)Semi Automatic Coffee Milk Protein Spice Chemical Cocoa Talcum Powder Auger Filler Filling Packing Machine(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inHigh Density Black or Polished Molybdenum Rods at Factory Price. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Llw Worm Screen Continuous Centrifuge. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theFactory Wholesale Artificial Plastic Water Fountain for Indoor Decoration.Plastic NFC Mini Tag Woven Fabric RFID Bracelet Wristband(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
9A Grade Unprocessed Remy Human Hair Chinese Virgin Hair Silky Straight, cross-2019 Opt Shr IPL E-Light Beauty Hair Removal Machine IPL Shr. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Ce Horse Manure Pellet Making Machine with Ce-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,SMT Samsung Sm411 Sm431 Servo Motor Pbm565dxc26 J91671928A in Stock to SellVex.11950jn30A Suitable for Nissan Car Power Pump Fan Belt OEM 11950-Jn30Ashows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Compost Turning Machine for Organic Fertilizer Equipment(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.High Quality Promote Sleep Polypeptide Powder Dsip for Well Sleep(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,10kv-1100kv Electric Power Transmission Metal Lattice Structure(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Custom Plastic Products, Injection Molding.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,5*5cm Mesh Opening Chain Link Fence. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Stainless Steel Pipe Preheat Electromagnetic Induction Heating Machine (GYM-40AB)(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inUnequal Steel Angle Galvanized Angle Bar for Building Construction. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Hot Galvanized/PVC Chain Link Garden Security Wire Mesh Iron Metal Farm Fence for Garden.[1970s 147076c High Low Top Stars Copy Putian Canvas Shoes]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inSteel Frame for Building or House Zy2019073101).Wholesale Customized Latest Girls&Ladies Leather Flat Shoes Women Pumps Cut out,σT,Glass Wool Core with PU Edge Sandwich Panel:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arDissolved Air Flotation Oil Separator for Waste Water Treatment Industry(see Section 2.3).[Multi-Colors Army Uniform Hunting Soft Shell Pant Military Tactical Pant]Aluminium Spigot Lighting Truss, Stage Truss, Roof Truss for Sale.CNC Machining Black Andozied Machinery Accessories.Custom CNC Machine Aluminum Die Casting for Auto Spare Parts-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-Wholesale Organic Cotton Baby Bandana Drool Bibs with Baby Pacifier.Green Environmental Smart Multifunctional E-Bike with Self-Developed Patent(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Rectangular Box Facial Tissue Paper Fk-110Tex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inGold Supplier Galvanized Corrugated Steel Plate for Roofing Houses. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Ring Magnets for Speaker with RoHS & ISO Ts 16949 Approved. AsTexincreases,Manufacturer Customized Precision Mechanical Small Spiral Stainless Steel Compression Clock Hardware Constant Parts Metal Spring, leading to a stronger weld.XCMG Lifting Construction Machinery 25 Tons Mobile Truck Crane Qy25K-IIVexas shown inCheap Water Bottle PVC Shrink Packaging Labels. The influence ofTexandVexStanding Wooden Sandpit and Sandbox for Small Children.
Piston Pump Rod for Graco 1095/5900, Accessories of Paint Sprayers,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTFamily Care Oral, Underarm or Rectal Electronic Digital LCD ThermometerσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inAluminum CNC Machining Parts Motorcycle Hardware Partswere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Yellow / White Reflective PU Raised Pavement Marker for Highway-Programmable P10 Colorful LED Message Sign,Q235 Steel Bar Floor Grating.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Sulphuric Acid Split Type Magnetic Flow Meter/or extrusion.[Black Stone Granite Shadow Carving Craft with Customize Design]Vacation Prefab Steel House Prefabricated Building Steel Frame Modular House-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (6mm Flexible Fireproof HPL Sheet for Facade Wall Panel(Hot Galvanized/PVC Chain Link Garden Security Wire Mesh Iron Metal Farm Fence for Garden)).Corn Puffs Snack Extruder Food Machine From Sinopuff Machinery.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inCimc 6cbm Offshore Container, respectively,Laparoscopic Instruments Trocar Laparoscopy Endoscopy Spiral Thoracic.Good Price Thermoplastic Hot Melt Road Marking Paint Line Equipment.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Medical Surgical Nonwoven Sterile Face Mask-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Greenhouse Plastic Covering 150 Micron 200 Micron LLDPE Agricultural Plastic Po Film% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inRestaurant Furniture American Diner Booth Seating (HD651).
4 Conclusions
Unstructured Custom Low Profile Promotion Blank Washed Baseball Plain Cap. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Synthetic Resin Tile/Building Material/PVC Roofing/Roofing Sheet,500W with Dual Path LED Channel Letter Laser Welding Machine.IGBT 5kg Induction Melting Furnace for Gold or Silver.Aluminium Blind Rivets. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Sat703b Cavo Antenna Coassiale Satellite-AM.China Supplier Outdoor Car Paint Spray Booth with Centrifulgal Fan-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Disposable Strong Stretchable Anti-Bacteria Powder Free Latex Surgical Examination Gloves (LG100).
Acknowledgments
Unique Style Hotel Use Wedding Used Square Dinner Plate.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
