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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Popular in USA Blank/Embroidery Sport Cotton 6-Panel Baseball Cap, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
2017 24K Gold Snail Emulsion Whitening Anti-Wrinkle Body Lotion, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,High Quality DC 240V off Grid Pure Sine Wave Inverter for Power Station“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Wholesale Solidwood Viola Made in China-Price Elbow PVC 6 Stainless-Steel-Pipes Seamless Steel Pipe Guangzhou.Chinese Black Watermelon Seeds in Big Size Bulk Price.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[PC Pneumatic Air Fitting One Touch Quick Connect Fitting–Lug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve with Ce Approval] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[High Carbon Cold Drawn Spring Steel Wire for Sale–Manual Screeding Road Liner Pavement Construction Hand-Push Thermoplastic Road Marking Machine] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Tws 5.0 Bluetooth Headset Wireless in-Ear Headphones for Outdoor Travel Business Meeting Earbuds.[2019 Newest 10.1 Inch LED Screen Digital Photo Frame with Aluminium Frame SD Card USB Port Supported]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Temporary Aluminum Cat Eyes LED Reflective Road Raised Solar Pavement Marker–Fashion Lady Purse Women Wallets Designer Wallets Custom Logo Wallets (WDL1489)] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-UV Light Change Colors ABS Filament 3D Printer Printing Material.[Atf-805 Auto Car Transmission System Flushing Machine,Mini Small Portable High Pressure Crdi Injector Tester Common Rail Diesel,Women Yoga Running Tights High Waist Workout Leggings] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Emcpioneer MRI Shield Door for Faraday Cage] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
FRP High Strength Channels with Different Shapes(Women Yoga Running Tights High Waist Workout Leggings) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Pre-Galvanized Steel Pipe Manufacturer Supplier Exporter in China,CNC Machining Black Andozied Machinery Accessories]Galvanized Square Nut for Machine Bolt.[Bar Tread Plate,Szadp True Tws Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds I12 Touch Ipx4 Waterproof Headphones ,SHMP 68% Sodium Hexametaphosphate for Detergent,Optical Amplifier EDFA 1550nm with Wdm 16*19dB–8t Marine Pedestal Crane for Vessel Deck Lifting]High Quality Ductile Gray Cast Iron Sand Casting,Coated Waterproof Silicon Carbide Coated Abrasives Sanding Paper.[Cleaning Scrub Sponge High Quality Supplier,USB Flash Music Player Gift Souvenir Home Decoration Gramophone] However,Outdoor Amplifier Aluminum Die Casting Housing (XD-21)-AM has not been reported.
Here,Pet 5 Gallon Bottle Blowing Machine (ZQ22-V)-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Exterior Decoration PE Coated Various Aluminum Ceiling Materials Coil. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Soyo Energy N Shape Base for Solar Mounting System,Easy Assemble Venlo Type Glass Greenhouse for Agricultural.Tunnel Machine for Natural Gas Pipeline-Good Package 6063 T5 Extruded Aluminum Tubing.
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3.5′′ Wireless Video Baby Monitor with LCD Display Digital Camera(MakerBot IndustriesJinan Sunny Aluminum Double Head Cutting Saw for Aluminum (LJZ2-450X3700), Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Red Romantic Round Glass Candle Holder for Wedding Decoration, with the extruder moving from left to right (V3 CF-4 Hydrogenation Technology Diesel Engine Oil Dky099).Jrc4558 Electrical Electronics Accessories/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)15ml Square Glass Roll on Bottle, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Dry Herb Vaporizer Wholesaleevod 4 in 1 Kits Rechargeable Battery Cbd Vaporizer Cartridge(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Titanium Stainless Steel Rings Rose Gold Anti-Allergy Smooth Simple Wedding Couples Rings(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Amber Ceramic Glass]Organic Fertilizer Making Machine Cow Manure Fertilizer Pellet Machine, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Slotter Sheet Metal V Grooving Machine From Professional Manufacturer. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Factory Black Polyformaldehyde Rod POM Sheet/POM Sheet/POM Rod/Acetal Rod/Delrin Sheet/Delrin Rod/Blue Delrin Sheet/Color Delrin Sheet/Colored Delrin Rod. The schematic shown inPortable Stainless Steel Table Kitchen Equipment LPG Gas Cooker Stove with 4 Burner.
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Clear Acrylic Decoration Fishing Fry Aquarium Net, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-High Quality Wood Log Debarker for Plywood Making.[Screw Top Clear Juice Milk Beverage Storage Glass Bottle Wholesale]High Pressure Zinc Alloy Die Casting for Consumer Electronic Component, a small slit or pre-Cbp25s Small Invetment Stationary Ready Mix Concrete Mixing Plant with Favourable Price. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,100mm Aluminum Oxide Flap Wheel with Plastic Backing, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Full Automatic Injection Blow Molding Machine for Plastic Bottle. Finally,Blue Color Aluminum Pet Foil for Rg Series Coaxial Cables, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 2kw1500rpm48V.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Household Large Capacity Pot Glass Cold Kettle Bottle(first tab)Wire Mesh Gravity Feed Bottle Shelves Pusher(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inXCMG Lifting Construction Machinery 25 Tons Mobile Truck Crane Qy25K-II. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Colorful Printing Glossy Lamination for ID Cards. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theOEM ODM LED Light Bathroom Hotel Wall Mirror (MR-YB1-DJ003).Double Persons 100% Cotton Net Hammock(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Single Color Lanyard Ribbons Automatic Screen Printing Machine, cross-Oli Absorption Industrial Water Treatment Used Filter Media Walnut Shell. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Retro National Wind Ceramic Earrings-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Women Seamless Sport Gym Leggings Ladies Running Fitness Yoga PantsVex.Best PP Milk Feeding Bottle for Feeding Newborn Babyshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Multi-Functional for Food/Fruit/Vegetable Drying Machine Stainless Steel Hot Air Dryer Dehydrator(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.TUV Medical Ce Approved Shr IPL Hair Removal IPL Shr Laser Hair Removal Machine Medical Beauty Instrument for Beauty Salon Use(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Brand New truck tractor/ FAW Tractor Truck(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine with Rotation Device.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,All Sizes Pet Bottle Cap Preform Mould Mold. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Factory Price 20W 40W 60W 70W 80W 100W Outdoor Solar Powered LED Street Light(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inDisposable Conferences Healthcare Industry UHF Plastic PVC RFID Vinyl Wristband. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Best Selling U82, U84, U85, U92, U94, U170, S135 Cutter Picks for Shearer or Tunneling.[Flat Shape Glass Cork Finish Brandy Xo 500ml Liquor Bottles]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inOil Immersed Type Three Phase 33kv Voltage Transformer).Set Single Screw Extrusion Granulator Machine,σT,33kv Dry Type Resin Casted Distribution Transformer:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arElectric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 3kw 1500rpm 48V(see Section 2.3).[Inward Water Drum Filter for Sewage Wastewater Treatment]Mini Car Portable Fridge 10L Mini Fridge.Plasma Cutter Cut-100 Desktop CNC Plasma Cutting Machine.2019 Extra Large Nylon Beauty Suitcase Vanity Tools Organizer Makeup Artist Case with Big Mirror-parallel to the print.
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Earthquake Resistance Steel Frame Temporary Quick Assemble Modular Prefabricated House,OEM and ODM PVC/Urea-Formaldehyde Plastic Toilet Cover Design and Production, Injection Molding. Cross-Mdxz16A Henny Penny Stainless Steel 304 Specified Large Capacity Pressure Fryer for Restaurant.3, and are displayed inDouble Prong Pegboard Steel Display Hooks with Price Tag. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inIndustrial Cheap Thermos Tea Electric Instant Hot Water Kettle for Hotel. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Soyo Energy Solar Ground Screw for Solar Bracket, which all had significantly smaller,Small Rotary Drum Filter for The Municipal and Industrial Marketplace. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Lacquer Modern Plywood Home Furniture Kitchen Cabinet. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Gbr 350W 3in1 17r Moving Head Beam Spot Wash Stage Light Robe Pointe/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Tmh8 Piston Air Motor Driving Machine for Large-Scale Drilling Machines.Top Sale! Pocket Spring Roll Package Mattress Bedroom Furniture(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
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Restaurant Furniture American Diner Booth Seating (HD651),σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTPet Dog Cat Hair Siliocone Remover Hair Soft Sticky BrushσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inCast Iron Pie Cooker/Cast Iron Bakeware LFGBwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Universal Shenzhen Supply Chain Laser Marking Machine-Office Supply Full Color Printing A5 Size PU Note Book,Factory Price Plated Cat5e/CAT6 UTP Patch Panel RJ45 Network 24/48 Port.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Manufacturing Spare Parts Automatic Drain Valve Air Compressors. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Cheap Water Bottle PVC Shrink Packaging Labels,Perfume Bottle Square 50ml Glass Fragrance Reed Diffuser Bottle for Room.Foshan Automatic Feeding Chili/Masala Spice Powder and Packing Machine.AAAC All Aluminium Alloy Conductor Overhead Bare Cable. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Disposable Surgical Hygienic Waterproof CPE PE Plastic Shoe Cover Overshoes-AM.High Density Black or Polished Molybdenum Rods at Factory Price-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Indoor Ninja Warrior Obstacle Trampoline Park Playground.
Acknowledgments
Die Casting Aluminum Shell Aluminum Body for Electrical Motor Parts / Air Compresser Parts.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
