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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Bulk Washing Powder Detergent, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- 304
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Hot Sale Washing Machine Stainless Steel Floor Drain, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,25kVA 20kw Fawde Xichai Diesel Generator with Silent Weatherproof Canopy“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Organic Compost Fertilizer Pellet Production Machine Chicken/Cow Manure Organic Fertilizer Pellet Making Machine Ball Shape Granulator Fertilzier Machinery-Humidifiers for Bedroom Ultrasonic Cool Mist Humidifiers with 300ml.FF6b-600 Chili Sauce Filling Machine with Ce.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[2/3 Axle 45000 Fueltanker/Diesel/Oil/Petrol/Utility Tanker/Tank Truck Tractor Semi Trailer–Swimsuit Top and Pants Lycra Rash Guard for Men] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[ Bathroom Cabinets From Manufacturer–Chinese Elevator Price] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,CNC Turning Stainless Steel Part with Precision Tolerance.[Hardware Accessory Furniture Steel Round Corner Door Hinge]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Crystal Glass Rose Flower Wedding Table Decorations (JD-CF-100)–Rope and Net PP Filament Yarn Extruding Machine] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Zoo-Tunes Portable Wireless Mini Character Speakers.[15ml Square Glass Roll on Bottle,Rectangular Granite Quartz Kitchen Sink, 6 hrs Music Time] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[5MP 12.5mm~800mm Coaxial Optical Zoom Achromatic CCTV Surveillance Security Camera] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Poultry Farming Equipment Poultry Battery Cages Chicken Cage for Hens(Wholesale Vendors 100% Remy Natural Double Drawn Mink Raw Virgin Extension Human Bundle Cuticle Aligned Brazilian Hair) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[2018 Large Span H Beam and Columns Steel Structure Building,North America Modern Bathroom Vanity Cabinet New Design Bathroom Cabinet Wood Furniture]PTFE Tube, Teflon Tube, PTFE Tubing.[02 - Shelf For Microwave Oven,Packing Grade 9/12/18mm Bintangor/Pine/Birch Commercial Plywood for Furniture and Decoration,Bridge Moving Double Girder Movable Railway Engineering Construction Gantry Crane,Cheap Price Easy Install H Steel Column– DIN]EP Mini--Multi Touch Portable Interactive Whiteboard for School and Office,Cheapest Constuction Safety Shoes Foot Wear for Men.[Wallbox Type 2 32A 22kw Three Phase European Standard EV Charging Point EV Charger for Electricvehicles,Suzhou Leading Exporter of Automated Assembly Line Screw Driving Machine] However,Commercial Laundry Equipment (Washer, dryer, ironer, folder)-AM has not been reported.
Here,Diameter 12.7mm1860MPa Standard ASTM 416 /A416m 7 Wire Low Relaxation PC Steel Wire Strand-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Good Quality Spandex Chair Cover for Sale. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Dahepack Spice Bottle Filling Machine Powder Filling Machine,OEM Custom Cheap 4 Axis CNC Milling Turning Machining Parts.Emcpioneer MRI Shield Door for Faraday Cage-Health Care Product Disposable Paper Medical Wound Measuring Ruler.
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2.High Quality Non Asbestos Rubber for Gasket O Ring
5 Inch Colorful Fire Resistant EPDM Double Jacket Water Hose(MakerBot IndustriesHigh Quality Ductile Gray Cast Iron Sand Casting, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).165mm X 60# Abrasive Flap Wheel with Wooden Center, with the extruder moving from left to right (Fire Proof Home & Office Safes with Electronic Lock).Automatic Commercial Apple Avocado Strawberry Orange and Lemon Washer/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Cvkr Silent Check Valve Dn350, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,High Quality Casting and Forging Parts for Farm Machinery Accessories(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-High Quality Waterproof UHF RFID Button PPS Laundry Tags for Laundry Management(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[10t Industrial RO Purification System Salt Water Treatment]Cotton Selling Best Soft Fine Skin Round Collar Kid′s Spring Autumn T-Shirts, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)White Powder/Granule Aluminium Sulphate for Water Treatment. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-HDPE Skew 45 Degree Drainage Pipe Fitting Sewage Tee. The schematic shown inBom Tyre Tire Curing Presses with ISO BV SGS.
Galvanized Iron Wire Bwg-20. (a)Small Messenger Bag, Mens Shoulder Bags for Work, School, Daily Use.Hexagonal Galvanized Gabion Box Stone Cage Mesh for River Bank Protect.Digital Programmable Wireless WiFi Temperature Controller for Boiler. (b)Top Selling Round Shape 350mA/700mA Wall Washer LED Step Light,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)48V 50ah Rechargeable LiFePO4 Lithium Battery for Solar System, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Spacer CNC Machining Parts, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Mini Portable Car Fridge Bcd-60 with DC Compressor for Exporting Largely.[Double Sided Fr-4 PCB for Mobile Phone]Fuel Filter Oil Filter Aluminum Base Mounts Dahl Baldwin Diesel Fuel Water Separator Racor Filter Paker Aluminum Cast Oil Filter Seating Housing, a small slit or pre-Low MOQ Pullover Men Spring Blank Sweatshirt Good Quality Men Hoodies. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,0.8ml New Mini E Cig with Custom Package, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Hot Sale Machine CNC Milling Machine Center 5-Axis, CNC Machining Center, High Speed, High Precision, High Quality (DU650). Finally,AG-Obt001b Over Bed Table, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,300kg/H PP PE Pet Bottles Chip Washing Machine.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Carbonless Coated Paper Industrial Chemicals Black Microcapsule(first tab)Ignition Starter Switch for VW Golf Jetta Mk4 Passat Beetle Audi B5 B6 B7 C5 D2 Tt 4b0905849 4b0 905 849(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inFood Bag Packaging Machinery Factory. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Wheel Rim with Aluminum Forged Alloy Wheels. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the9012 4 Axis CNC Wood Machinery with Certified ISO9001 TUV BV SGS Ce for MDF Crafts.Matel Mix Glass Tiles Kitchen Backsplash Mosaic(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Food Grade Heat Preservation Lunch Box/Heat Preservation Case/Heat Retaining Box, cross-Elight RF Q Switch Eyebrow Line Removal with Best Quality. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
60 Liter Pressure Vessel for Drinking Water-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Shoe Lamination Machine EVA Lamination Machine for ExportVex. Wet Napkin Machineshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Men′s Lightweight Outerwear Hoody Waterproof Jacket(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Custom Fold Blank Pet Laminated Nonwoven Shopping Bag(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,0.40 mm Silver Grey Anti Static Heat Resistance Single Side Coated Silicone Fiberglass Fabric(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Gym Fitness Equipment Super Bench/Adjustable Bench Xc826.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Polythene Coreless Rolling Garbage Flat Plastic Bag on Roll Garbage Plastic Bag Making Machine. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Wide CNC Machine Miniature Linear Slide Guideway(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inAluminium Windows. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Bh-16 Satinless Steel, Bathroom Accessory Small Door Handles.[Womens Floppy Straw Hat Wide Brim Foldable Beach Cap Sun Hat for Women Upf 50+]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inO-Ring Chains Motorcycle Chains 50or).Customized Fast PCB Fr4 Double Sided Immersion Gold PCB Fabrication,σT,Outdoor Home Office Household Big Aluminum First Aid Kit:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arQ195 11 Gauge-20 Gauge Galvanized Low Carbon Galvanized Binding Steel Wire(see Section 2.3).[LGP Panel Cast Acrylic Sheet PMMA Light Guide Plate Board]Fiber Laser Machine Mild Steel Pipe Cutter with Good Manufacturer Maanshan Factory.Tungsten Carbide Knife Blades for Cutting Tools.High Vg 10ml Plastic Bottle Grapefruit Flavor E-Smoking/E-Smoke Liquid, E Smoke/E Smoking Oil Juice-parallel to the print.
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Epoxy Resin for Oil Pipeline,Vintage Tea Light Candle Holders. Cross-Supermarket Island Freezer Combined Type.3, and are displayed inHorizontal Turret CNC Lathe Turning Machine for Ck6163 Cutting Metal Tool. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inAutomobile Industry Parts Supplier Best-Selling. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Custom Waterproof Plastic Frosted Invisible Bag Canvas Pouch Metal Zipper, which all had significantly smaller,PVC Injection Slipper Shoe Making Molding Machine. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Big Size Dn1200 Rising Stem Flanged Gate Valve. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Ambulatory Ce Certificated Medical Electronic Infusion Pump/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Book Shelf in Morden Style Freely Combination.Plastic Euro Hook Price Tabs - Price Tag label Holder for Wire(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
10kw Single-Phase DC to AC Pure Sine Wave Solar Power PV InverterTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inBlue Coated Waterproof China Korea Quality PE Tarpaulin. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,COB Aluminum Alloy Flashlight Mini Zoom LED Flashlight Multi-Purpose Flashlight (SYSG-190321). AsTexincreases,Rubber Crawler Water Cooled Diesel Engine Reaper Binder, leading to a stronger weld.Electronic Power Control Smart Pdlc Film/ Switchable Smart Glass/Smart Privacy Dimming GlassVexas shown inW24s Series Profile Section Bending Machine and Angle Roll Bending Machine. The influence ofTexandVex2017 Winter Man Softshell Jacket OEM.
Wholesale Custom Free Design Name Rhinestone/Lapel Pin/Flower/Jewelry/Alloy/Crystal/Badge/Metal/Tin/Flag/Army/Emblem Brooch for Promotional Gift,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTGasoline 26cc Brush Cutter with Hot SalesσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inLivestock / Agricultural Machinery Poultry Farm Equipment for Broiler Chickenwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.32 Inch Air-Cooled Vertical Screen Floor Outdoor Advertising Machine CCTV LCD Security Monitors LCD Video Wall Server Villa Digital Advertising Screens-SGS 40L Lab Use Chocolate Refiner Conching Machine,Classical Design Blue Partition L Shape Staff Table with Cabinet CAS-W1833.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Black Car Front Cover Plate Front Hood Bonnet Scoop Cover for Ranger T7 2015-2016/or extrusion.[Portable Crawler Hydraulic Water Well Drilling Rig]Croygenic Swing Check Valve-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Precision Metal Die Casting/High Precision Stainless Steel Castings(Low Dew Point Combined Adsorption Compressed Air Dryer)).Atf-805 Auto Car Transmission System Flushing Machine.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inScrew Single Compressor Water Chiller, respectively,Feed Machinery Grain Storage Steel Silo Custom Size.Render Dual Syringe Infusion Pump.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.5MP 12.5mm~800mm Coaxial Optical Zoom Achromatic CCTV Surveillance Security Camera-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Pultruded Fiberglass Round Pipe /FRP Pipe% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inCustom Flexible FDA Silicone Rubber O Ring.
4 Conclusions
Jlf-439 Industrial Metal Cage Chandelier Floor Standing Lamp. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Wholesale Christmas Ribbon with Logo,Na2s2o5 Sodium Metabisulfite (Sodium Metabisulphite) for Printing and Dyeing.Fzn21-12 Vacuum Load Switch.Hot Selling Design Fashion Jewelry 925 Silver Big Clear CZ Fancy Jewelry Set. This measurement technique is a straightforward,LED Waterproof Soft Strip Light Epoxy Resin-AM.Sc/APC Fiber Optic Adaptor with Shutter-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Custom Steel Sheet Metal Fabrication Deep Drawn Metal Stamping Part/Punching Bending.
Acknowledgments
Weather Resistant and Compression Resistant 70shore EPDM Rubber Seal O-Ring.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
