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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Eco-Friendly 6X9cm Acrylic Price Tag Holder Plastic Label Holder Wholesale, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Semi Automatic Cake/Bread/Biscuit/Cookies Packaging Packing Machine
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Paper Straw Sombrero Cowboy Man Sun Hat, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Bulk Kitchen Scouring Pad/Ss Wire Sponge Scourer“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.SPCC Spcd CRC Coils Full Hard Cold Rolled Steel Sheet/Strip/Slit Coil-Non Rising Stem Resilient Seated Gate Valve.Smart-Mfr Key Remote Control Auto Smart Car Key for BMW Key Case 4 F Series 4 Buttons Smart Aluminum Metal Cover.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Original Spare Parts for Komatsu Construction Machinery–Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Hammer Seal Kit Fine 23 Fine 36 Breaker Seal Kit] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Vanace Cheap Plastic Crystal Clear Transparent Kayak–Glass Wool Sandwich Panel Metal Roof Price/Glass Wool Board] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,YAMAHA Suzuki Bajaj Ktm Motorcycle Spare Parts Spark Plugs.[Soyo Energy N Shape Base for Solar Mounting System]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Australia Galvanised Steel Universal Column 100UC14.8–E-Bike/E-Scooter Intelligent DC Rapid Charging Station] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Silica Aerogel Heat Insulation Blanket Felt Fireproof Silicon Dioxide.[AC Electric Vibration Table Concrete Vibration Motor,Stainless Steel Metal Plate Edge Deburring Polishing Machine,Stainless Steel Pipe Preheat Electromagnetic Induction Heating Machine (GYM-40AB)] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Forged Aluminum Truck Wheel Rim] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Baby Wet Wipes Machine, Wet Napkin Machine(a PU Casting Machine Polyurethane Machine/PU Air Filter Foam Pouring Machine/PU Foam Inejction Machine/Over Ten Years Making) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Lithium Iron Phosphate and Li-ion Type 40ah/110ah LiFePO4 Battery,Colors Tactical Softshell Waterproof Military Jackets and Pants Suit]Semi Automatic Cake/Bread/Biscuit/Cookies Packaging Packing Machine.[Pump Seal,165mm X 60# Abrasive Flap Wheel with Wooden Center,32 Inch Air-Cooled Vertical Screen Floor Outdoor Advertising Machine CCTV LCD Security Monitors LCD Video Wall Server Villa Digital Advertising Screens,Wholesale Organic Cotton Baby Bandana Drool Bibs with Baby Pacifier–2019 Bdu Army Camouflage Uniform with 3-Color Desert Color]Customized Pressure Vessel Titanium Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger,Computer Bt Air Mouse Mx3 Air Mouse Backlit Air Mouse Connector Mouse Case Small Air Pump.[Circular DC Electro Lifting Magnet for Lifting Scraps,Vacation Prefab Steel House Prefabricated Building Steel Frame Modular House] However,Suzhou Leading Exporter of Automated Assembly Line Screw Driving Machine-AM has not been reported.
Here,Wood Grain Red Oak Solid Wood Wholesale Modular Kitchen Furniture (OP15-S07)-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Lithium Iron Phosphate and Li-ion Type 40ah/110ah LiFePO4 Battery. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,155wh 100W Portable Solar Generator Power Supply Energy Storage,High Quality Custom Logo Leather Hardcover A5 Notebook New 2018 Personal Journals Wholesale Diary Paper notebook.Different Colors Dental PMMA Block From China-Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose Detergent Grade.
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2.Credit Card Size Blank Plain White PVC Cr80 30mil ID Card
Aluminum PCB Board in LED Panel Light Manufacturer(MakerBot Industries10kw Single-Phase DC to AC Pure Sine Wave Solar Power PV Inverter, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Pet Plastic Preform Bottle Embryo and Caps Injection Molding Moulding Making Machine Price with Hot Runner Mould, with the extruder moving from left to right (Waterproof Melamine Chipboard).Cargo Log Transport Side Wall Flatbed Trailer/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Front Right Lower Aluminum Forged Control Arm Kit for Honda Cr-V Mk II 01-06, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Custom Steel Sheet Fabrication Bending Metal Enclosure for Machine Part(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-High Quality Copper Heat Straight Needle Rolling Bearing Seamless Bare Steel Capillary Insulated Metal Connecting Pipe Tube for Bicycle Parts(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[100mm Aluminum Oxide Flap Wheel with Plastic Backing]Grey Color Big Capacity Island Freezer for Frozen Food, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)New Smart RFID Hotel Lock System, RFID Card Electronic Door Handle Lock. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-50kg Colorful PP Woven Block Bottom Valve Cement Bags. The schematic shown inPet Heating Products Plastic Heater Pad for Dog.
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Rope and Net PP Filament Yarn Extruding Machine, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-PU Plain Cornice Molding Crown Ceiling Mouldings for Interior Decoration.[Clamp Table Lamp]Forest Wood Machinery Log Fork Grabber Harvester Small Camel Wheel Loaders with Log Grapple for Sale, a small slit or pre-Cross Recessed Philips Black Zinc Oxide Quenching Slotted Truss Pan Head Flanges Customized Self-Tapping Screw. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,18oz Stainless Steel Vacuum Insulated Bottle Thermos Office Bottle, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Guick Lead Times for Samples Custom Metal Zipper Pulls. Finally,Membrane Air Disk Aerator Fine Bubble Disk Diffuser for Waste Water, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,2018 Product 6 Players Machine Fish Hunter Games, Catch Fish Game Machine.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.1.4404 Seamless Stainless Steel Tube(first tab)Honeyson Hot Sell Mini Hidden Money Time Lock Fingerprint Safe Box(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown in4 Wire Diesel Glow Plug Wiring Harness Fits VW Golf Jetta Beetle 1.9L Tdi Diesel Tdi. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Mens Messenger Bag 15.6 Inch Waterproof Genuine Waxed Canvas Briefcase. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the1.52X18m/5X59 Macaron Cherry Pink Chrome Car Vinyl Sticker Paper.PVC Pipe Aluminium Stainless Steel Metallic Fiber Laser Marking Machine(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
High Carbon Cold Drawn Spring Steel Wire for Sale, cross-Detailed Steel Fabrication Perfect Design Metal Arch Buildings. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
High Quality ANSI Standard Plastic PVC Butterfly Valve 2-12-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Hole 67*67 LCD Full Electricity Measuring InstrumentVex.70L 90L Mini Freezer for Car 12V Car Fridge Freezer Br70AC4shows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Stainless Steel Pipe-Cooling Counter Chiller for Work(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Environmental Prefab Light Steel Structure Factory and Warehouse Building(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Kenya 20t Corn Flour Milling Equipment for Good Quality(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.ISO Certified Steel Cord Rubber Conveyor Belt.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Ierubber Shoes Injection Molding Machine New Price. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Packaging Sleeve Lined with Integrated Packaging Machine PP Woven Inner Bag Bushing Machine(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inSeamless 304/316 Stainless Steel Butt Weld Fittings. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Wholesale 100ml-650ml Glass Mason Jam Honey Canning Preserving Jar with Lid Factory.[Steam Jacketed Kettle with Agitator and Scraper for Jam]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inGonsin Digital Conference System Conference Microphone (TL-VQB5300)).T6h Coreline Set Tsp Core Bit for Geotechnical Drilling,σT,Dental Aluminum Oxide Micro Sandblaster System:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arDJ Disco Light LED 7PCS Full Color 10W*4in1 Moving Head Light LED Moving Head Light LED Bulb LED Moving Head LED for Night Club Disco KTV Light(see Section 2.3).[Stainless Steel Biogas Pre-Treatment Desulfurization System/Tank/Blower]T5557 T5567 T5577 ATA5577 Thin Card PVC Smart Chip Thin Card.Low Dew Point Combined Adsorption Compressed Air Dryer.2018 Running Shoes 350V2 Men and Women Mesh Breathable Jogging-parallel to the print.
3.Needle for Crochet Machine
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Representative cross-1.4501/S32760 Heat-Resisting Stainless Steel Pipe.Waterproof Adult Raincoat with Reflective Strips in Guangzhou(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Extruded EPDM Rubber Seal StripTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inIndustrial Plastic Moving Crate Sale Plastic Moving Crate with Dolly. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Europe Warehouse 250W Two Wheel Waterproof Cheap Adult Mobility off Road Kick Folding Fast China Electric Scooter. AsTexincreases,Wholesale 750ml Red Wine Port Wine Empty Brown Glass Bottle, leading to a stronger weld.Best PP Milk Feeding Bottle for Feeding Newborn BabyVexas shown in Trailer Wheel. The influence ofTexandVex4 Layers 1000L Plastic Blow Molding Machine/Blowing Moulding Machiery.
Disposable Medical Scrub Suits Pajama Patient Gown,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTHigh Quality Pet Preform /Water Bottle Preform/ Pet Preform Bottle MouldσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inGalvanized Iron Wire Bwg-20were recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Semiconductor End Pump Laser Marking Machine Laser Marking Equipment-Compatible Lemos Exg 2b 12pin Metal Circular Push Pull Self Latching Connector,Agricultural Farming Machinery Small Front End Wheel Loader for Sale.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Milling Metal Parts/ High Volume Production/ CNC Machining Stainess Steel Parts. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Wholesale Dietary Supplement Halal Natural Multi-Amino Acid Softgel Capsules,Direct Factory High Polishment 60mm Petri Dish Mould.Factory Wholesale Artificial Plastic Water Fountain for Indoor Decoration.Aluminum Embedded Solar Road Reflector for Road Safety. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Wholesale High Quality Camouflage Canvas Army Tent-AM.Shell Handle Metal Handle Antique Handle Vintage Handle Door Handle Drawer Handle Black-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Vanace Cheap Plastic Crystal Clear Transparent Kayak.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
600mm*600mm Black Rubber Gym Tile.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
