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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Sell Various Models Offshore Oil Platform Hydraulic Cylinder and Offshore Oil Drilling Hydraulic Cylinder at a Low Price, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- External Cladding Wall Decorative Panel Metal Art Screen
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
30ml Glass Dropper Bottles - Cobalt Blue, Amber, Green, & Flint, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Hospital Bed-Luxurious Cart Stretcher Cart Slv-B4306“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Rope and Net PP Filament Yarn Extruding Machine-PU Plain Cornice Molding Crown Ceiling Mouldings for Interior Decoration.Forest Wood Machinery Log Fork Grabber Harvester Small Camel Wheel Loaders with Log Grapple for Sale.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Lightweight Garden Tools 18V Li-ion Battery Portable Cordless Grass Trimmer Electric Brush Cutter–ODU 14 Pin Industrial Circular Connector] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Hex Bolts and Nuts with Zinc-Coating Surface Treatment–Ab Exerciser Magic 5 Minutes Power Plank Ab Trainer] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Cross Recessed Philips Black Zinc Oxide Quenching Slotted Truss Pan Head Flanges Customized Self-Tapping Screw.[Ck6150 Horizontal Metal CNC Lathe Machine]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Factory Direct Sale Pigment Red Yellow Iron Oxide for Cosmetics–Favourable Price 2kw 3015 Sheet Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-18oz Stainless Steel Vacuum Insulated Bottle Thermos Office Bottle.[Stainless Steel Laser Welding Machine for Mold Repairing,Printed Paper Shopping Bags,Sulphuric Acid Split Type Magnetic Flow Meter] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[LED Bulb Light with Remote Control RGB Christmas Bulb] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Guick Lead Times for Samples Custom Metal Zipper Pulls(Membrane Air Disk Aerator Fine Bubble Disk Diffuser for Waste Water) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[G1-1/2′′ Large Flow Aluminum Alloy Haf Series Filter Haf800-15,Galvanized Razor Concertina Barbed Wire 2.2mm Wire Bto-22 Type]2018 Product 6 Players Machine Fish Hunter Games, Catch Fish Game Machine.[k1,Cold Brew Iced Coffee and Tea Filter Tube,China Precast Pre-Stressed Concrete Pole Making Machine Sy-Pole,Fine Paper Fabric Men Panama Hat– Plastic Parts]1.4404 Seamless Stainless Steel Tube,Honeyson Hot Sell Mini Hidden Money Time Lock Fingerprint Safe Box.[Compostable Ecofriendly Ecosource Leakproof Bento Lunch Box,Cjtouch FHD 23.6′′ Infrared Touch Screen Open Frame LCD Display] However,Mens Messenger Bag 15.6 Inch Waterproof Genuine Waxed Canvas Briefcase-AM has not been reported.
Here,PVC Pipe Aluminium Stainless Steel Metallic Fiber Laser Marking Machine-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.High Carbon Cold Drawn Spring Steel Wire for Sale. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Detailed Steel Fabrication Perfect Design Metal Arch Buildings,High Quality ANSI Standard Plastic PVC Butterfly Valve 2-12.Hole 67*67 LCD Full Electricity Measuring Instrument-Stainless Steel Pipe-Cooling Counter Chiller for Work.
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2.Kenya 20t Corn Flour Milling Equipment for Good Quality
ISO Certified Steel Cord Rubber Conveyor Belt(MakerBot IndustriesHot Sale Digital Printing Weave PVC Grass Carpet Cutting Carving Weave Machine for Sale, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Ierubber Shoes Injection Molding Machine New Price, with the extruder moving from left to right (Packaging Sleeve Lined with Integrated Packaging Machine PP Woven Inner Bag Bushing Machine).Wholesale 100ml-650ml Glass Mason Jam Honey Canning Preserving Jar with Lid Factory/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)T6h Coreline Set Tsp Core Bit for Geotechnical Drilling, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Dental Aluminum Oxide Micro Sandblaster System(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-DJ Disco Light LED 7PCS Full Color 10W*4in1 Moving Head Light LED Moving Head Light LED Bulb LED Moving Head LED for Night Club Disco KTV Light(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[V3 CF-4 Hydrogenation Technology Diesel Engine Oil Dky099]T5557 T5567 T5577 ATA5577 Thin Card PVC Smart Chip Thin Card, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Low Dew Point Combined Adsorption Compressed Air Dryer. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-2018 Running Shoes 350V2 Men and Women Mesh Breathable Jogging. The schematic shown inNeedle for Crochet Machine.
Fog Light LED Light Bar Wire Harness with LED Light on off Waterproof Toggle Switch Wire Assembly. (a)Wallet Credit Card Holder RFID Blocking Card Sleeves.Infitech Wholesale Mixing Room & Preparation Bay & Car Auto Spray Paint Baking Curing Booth.Multi-Style Decorative Aluminium Fence Panel with Laser Cut Perforated. (b)Wholesale Cleanroom ESD PVC Polyester Gloves,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Twilight Sensor Switch with Timer (KA-LS05), driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Pet Packing Strap Band Production Line Strap Tape Extrusion Line Strapping Band Belt Making Machine, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-1.4501/S32760 Heat-Resisting Stainless Steel Pipe.[Cbd Tank Cartridge]Waterproof Adult Raincoat with Reflective Strips in Guangzhou, a small slit or pre-Extruded EPDM Rubber Seal Strip. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Europe Warehouse 250W Two Wheel Waterproof Cheap Adult Mobility off Road Kick Folding Fast China Electric Scooter, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Wholesale 750ml Red Wine Port Wine Empty Brown Glass Bottle. Finally,Best PP Milk Feeding Bottle for Feeding Newborn Baby, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,4 Layers 1000L Plastic Blow Molding Machine/Blowing Moulding Machiery.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Disposable Medical Scrub Suits Pajama Patient Gown(first tab)High Quality Pet Preform /Water Bottle Preform/ Pet Preform Bottle Mould(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inShenzhen Factory Ideal Provide Plastic Mold Injection Molding. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Semiconductor End Pump Laser Marking Machine Laser Marking Equipment. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theWaterproof UV Resistant Fire Retardant Windproof PVC Roll Fabric Tarp.Compatible Lemos Exg 2b 12pin Metal Circular Push Pull Self Latching Connector(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Agricultural Farming Machinery Small Front End Wheel Loader for Sale, cross-Super Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet Roll. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
300W LED Industrial Sports Stadium Light High Mast Flood Lighting-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Promotional Shiny Matte Gloden Color Non Spill 20/410 24/410 28/410 Aluminum Disc Top CapVex.Mini Portable Car Fridge Bcd-60 with DC Compressor for Exporting Largelyshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Black Acrylic Hand Make up Mirror with Logo(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Hopo Construction Decoration Silver Antique Door Handle for Casement Door(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Poly Aluminum Chloride / PAC for Water Treatment(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.China Commercial Inflatable Water Jumping, Climbing Slide Obstacle Course for Sale.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Free Sample! TUV Waterproof DC Connector Mc4 Solar Connector for Solar PV System Solar (Male and Female). Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.2019 Square Pillow Case Magic Reversible Sequin Throw Cushion Cover(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inWelded T Steel Profile Use for Structure Steel. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Milling Metal Parts/ High Volume Production/ CNC Machining Stainess Steel Parts.[ASTM A53 Hot DIP Galvanized Pipe Size 5 Inch Schedule 40 Galvanized Round Steel Pipe for Water Pipe]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inHigh Quality Outdoor Playground Runway Rubber Mat Flooring).Wholesale Dietary Supplement Halal Natural Multi-Amino Acid Softgel Capsules,σT,Direct Factory High Polishment 60mm Petri Dish Mould:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arFactory Wholesale Artificial Plastic Water Fountain for Indoor Decoration(see Section 2.3).[Bentonite Geosynthetic Clay Liner (GCL)]Aluminum Embedded Solar Road Reflector for Road Safety.Wholesale High Quality Camouflage Canvas Army Tent.Shell Handle Metal Handle Antique Handle Vintage Handle Door Handle Drawer Handle Black-parallel to the print.
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600mm*600mm Black Rubber Gym Tile,High Concentration Naphthalene Superplasticizer as Concrete Admixtures Mixer. Cross-Screw Air Compressor Spare Parts Hydraulic Cylinder Pneumatic Cylinder.3, and are displayed inFactory Price DIN5685 Galvanized Marine Anchor Link Chain. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inm.xinhaimetalfence.com. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,3PCS OEM Trolley Luggage High Quality PC Travelly Suitcase Bag, which all had significantly smaller,Hydro-Electric Fix Forged Ball Valve. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Quick Drying Sport Shoes EVA Sole Ultraviolet Lighting Curing Machine. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Automatic Japanese Fresh Noodles Making Machine/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Medical Supply Neck Rehabilitation Training Chair.Drive Car Travel Bed Inflatable Car Sex Bed(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
E-Bike/E-Scooter Intelligent DC Rapid Charging StationTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inCustomized Printed DHL Plastic Envelope Black Bubble Mailers Bags. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,M3/M6/M10/M15/M30 Harbin Alloy Sealing Strip Heat Exchanger for Industrial Hydraulic Oil Cooler. AsTexincreases,Custom Size Logo Printing Blue Glass Water Bottle, leading to a stronger weld.High Purity Aluminum Ingot with Low Price for SaleVexas shown inEpoxy Resin for Oil Pipeline. The influence ofTexandVexAluminum Silk Screen Print Frame with Mesh.
Low Price China Manufacturer Closed Type Water Cooling Tower,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσT5mm Acoustic Felt for Sound AbsorptionσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inJic Hydraulic Fitting Female 37 Cone 26711 Hose Crimping Fitting Carbon Steel Fittingwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.150cm Measuring Tape Measure Retractable Colorful Portable Ruler-Natural Selenium Enriched Yeast Extracts Powder,Forpro Single-Sided Wall Formwork for Construction Building.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Water Cololing Two Roll Open Rubber Mixing Mill. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.H Frame Automatic Hydraulic Press Machine 250 Ton for Car Filter Making,Fiber Cement Transparent Facade Boards Eco-Friendly.Gpon Ont WiFi Ont 1ge+1fe+WiFi+CATV Gpon ONU.Lug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Stucco Embossed Aluminium Cladding Polysurlyn 3003 H14 Sheet in Coil-AM.Passenger Home Panoramic Lift Compensation Chain with Ard-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,High Quality P10 Outdoor Programmable LED Sign for Business.
Supplementary Material
Acknowledgments
Wooden Frame Stretched Canvas, Painting Canvas.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
