Auto Checking Fixture for Car Component, Plastic Parts, AssemblyDifferent Kinds of Premium Acrylic OPP Packing Tape
Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Hydra-Drive Gasoline Concrete Ride on Power Trowel Machine Gyp-1046, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Boat Aluminum Pipe 5083 Marine Used Aluminum Tube, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,LGP Panel Cast Acrylic Sheet PMMA Light Guide Plate Board“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Cotton Plain Curved Visor White Eyelets Blank 6 Panel Sandwich Pink Baseball Cap-10 Wheel 420HP Tractor Head for Pulling Trailer.Wood/Tree/Leaves Branch Crushing Machine.
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Wholesale Custom Free Design Name Rhinestone/Lapel Pin/Flower/Jewelry/Alloy/Crystal/Badge/Metal/Tin/Flag/Army/Emblem Brooch for Promotional Gift–Servo Motor Ce ISO Certificate Bottle Drum Olive / Edible / Vegetable / Lube / Engine / Cooking Lubricant Oil Bottling Filling Packing Packaging Machine] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[CNC Laser Cutting Machine 1325 CNC Router for Wood Acrylic MDF–Factory Price Glass Lined Reactor] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Density 1.80g 500*300*200mm Molded Graphite Block.[High Quality Wood Log Debarker for Plywood Making]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Fog Light LED Light Bar Wire Harness with LED Light on off Waterproof Toggle Switch Wire Assembly–Hot Sale Washing Machine Stainless Steel Floor Drain] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-UV Curing 395nm 500W Water Cooling System UV LED Lamp.[Manufactor of Pillow Block Bearing,Plastic Use Titanium Dioxide Rutile Lr907/Titanium Dioxide for Sale,Portable Self-propelled Plate Edge Cold Blade Deburrer] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[OEM Multi - Electrode Auto and Motorcycle Spark Plugs] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Womens Compression Fitness Workout Gym Running Pants Printed Leggings(Jinan Sunny Aluminum Double Head Cutting Saw for Aluminum (LJZ2-450X3700)) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Factory Wholesale Carbon Round Galvanized Steel Pipe Price,UV Light Change Colors ABS Filament 3D Printer Printing Material]High Quality Tapered Roller Bearing 30306 From China Bearing Factory ABEC-1 Level.[Automatic Pipe Welding Machine,Polycarbonate Silver Party Banquet Outdoor Rental Tiffany Chair, Soundproof,Cheapest Constuction Safety Shoes Foot Wear for Men–Tool Sets with Power Tools Home Use]API600 150lb/300lb/600lb Cast Steel Swing Check Valve,Popular in USA Blank/Embroidery Sport Cotton 6-Panel Baseball Cap.[Semi Automatic Pet Jar / Big 5L Bottle Blow Molding Machine,PU Plain Cornice Molding Crown Ceiling Mouldings for Interior Decoration] However,Sewage Water Insertion Type Electromagnetic Flow Meter-AM has not been reported.
Here,3D Patent-cooling system Combo Carbon Fiber ABS PLA Wood Printer-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.2017 24K Gold Snail Emulsion Whitening Anti-Wrinkle Body Lotion. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,High Quality DC 240V off Grid Pure Sine Wave Inverter for Power Station,Wholesale Solidwood Viola Made in China.Price Elbow PVC 6 Stainless-Steel-Pipes Seamless Steel Pipe Guangzhou-Chinese Black Watermelon Seeds in Big Size Bulk Price.
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2.UV Light Change Colors ABS Filament 3D Printer Printing Material
FRP High Strength Channels with Different Shapes(MakerBot IndustriesDental Aluminum Oxide Micro Sandblaster System, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Women Yoga Running Tights High Waist Workout Leggings, with the extruder moving from left to right (Galvanized Square Nut for Machine Bolt).High Quality Ductile Gray Cast Iron Sand Casting/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Coated Waterproof Silicon Carbide Coated Abrasives Sanding Paper, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Outdoor Amplifier Aluminum Die Casting Housing (XD-21)(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Pet 5 Gallon Bottle Blowing Machine (ZQ22-V)(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[3PCS OEM Trolley Luggage High Quality PC Travelly Suitcase Bag]Exterior Decoration PE Coated Various Aluminum Ceiling Materials Coil, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Soyo Energy N Shape Base for Solar Mounting System. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Easy Assemble Venlo Type Glass Greenhouse for Agricultural. The schematic shown inTunnel Machine for Natural Gas Pipeline.
Good Package 6063 T5 Extruded Aluminum Tubing. (a)High Quality Fastener Black Carbon Steel Spring Lock Washer.Sterile Petri Dish Pet PP, Size D90mm.3.5′′ Wireless Video Baby Monitor with LCD Display Digital Camera. (b)Red Romantic Round Glass Candle Holder for Wedding Decoration,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)V3 CF-4 Hydrogenation Technology Diesel Engine Oil Dky099, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Jrc4558 Electrical Electronics Accessories, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-15ml Square Glass Roll on Bottle.[Low Noise Bopp Packing Tape]Dry Herb Vaporizer Wholesaleevod 4 in 1 Kits Rechargeable Battery Cbd Vaporizer Cartridge, a small slit or pre-Titanium Stainless Steel Rings Rose Gold Anti-Allergy Smooth Simple Wedding Couples Rings. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Organic Fertilizer Making Machine Cow Manure Fertilizer Pellet Machine, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Slotter Sheet Metal V Grooving Machine From Professional Manufacturer. Finally,Factory Black Polyformaldehyde Rod POM Sheet/POM Sheet/POM Rod/Acetal Rod/Delrin Sheet/Delrin Rod/Blue Delrin Sheet/Color Delrin Sheet/Colored Delrin Rod, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Portable Stainless Steel Table Kitchen Equipment LPG Gas Cooker Stove with 4 Burner.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Garden Tools Lawn Irrigation 1/2 Plastic Impulse Sprinkler with Spike(first tab)Southeast Asia Healthy Soft Integrated Latex Foam Mattress(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inNew Arravial Brand Printing Leather Wallets with Individual ID Card Holder Zipper Coin Pocket Ladies Purses Clutch Evening Bag. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Best Price Printing PVC Ceiling Panels PVC Wall Panels. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theDouble Side Tempered Glass Balustrade Straight Staircase Wood Tread.Slip Resistant Corrugated Protection Entrance Rubber Floor Mat(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Whey Protein Powder Packaging Biodegradable Aluminium Foil Coffee Manufacturer in China, cross-Cosmetic Perfume Lotion Cream Bottle Aluminum Spray Bottle. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Clear Acrylic Decoration Fishing Fry Aquarium Net-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,High Quality Wood Log Debarker for Plywood MakingVex.Afanti Music Basswood 41 Acoustic Guitar (AAG-119)shows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-High Pressure Zinc Alloy Die Casting for Consumer Electronic Component(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Cbp25s Small Invetment Stationary Ready Mix Concrete Mixing Plant with Favourable Price(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,100mm Aluminum Oxide Flap Wheel with Plastic Backing(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Full Automatic Injection Blow Molding Machine for Plastic Bottle.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Blue Color Aluminum Pet Foil for Rg Series Coaxial Cables. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 2kw1500rpm48V(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inm.displayshowcase.com. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Household Large Capacity Pot Glass Cold Kettle Bottle.[110V 25W Ese - Edison Screw Ceramic Light Bulb E27]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in30 Degree Speed Good Commercial Indoor Escalator Price).Wire Mesh Gravity Feed Bottle Shelves Pusher,σT,Colorful Printing Glossy Lamination for ID Cards:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arDouble Persons 100% Cotton Net Hammock(see Section 2.3).[Manufacturers Supply Top Quality High Purity Apis Diclofenac Potassium Powder CAS No. 15307-81-0]Single Color Lanyard Ribbons Automatic Screen Printing Machine.Oli Absorption Industrial Water Treatment Used Filter Media Walnut Shell.Retro National Wind Ceramic Earrings-parallel to the print.
3.Women Seamless Sport Gym Leggings Ladies Running Fitness Yoga Pants
Multi-Functional for Food/Fruit/Vegetable Drying Machine Stainless Steel Hot Air Dryer Dehydrator,TUV Medical Ce Approved Shr IPL Hair Removal IPL Shr Laser Hair Removal Machine Medical Beauty Instrument for Beauty Salon Use. Cross-Brand New truck tractor/ FAW Tractor Truck.3, and are displayed inCosmetic Grade Sodium Hyaluronate Ha Power for Skin Moisturizing Product. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inFertilizer Bagging Machine. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine with Rotation Device, which all had significantly smaller,All Sizes Pet Bottle Cap Preform Mould Mold. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Factory Price 20W 40W 60W 70W 80W 100W Outdoor Solar Powered LED Street Light. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Best Selling U82, U84, U85, U92, U94, U170, S135 Cutter Picks for Shearer or Tunneling/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Set Single Screw Extrusion Granulator Machine.33kv Dry Type Resin Casted Distribution Transformer(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 3kw 1500rpm 48VTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inMedical Instrument Orthopedic Reamer Drill Surgical Bone Drilling Joint Surgery. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Mini Car Portable Fridge 10L Mini Fridge. AsTexincreases,Plasma Cutter Cut-100 Desktop CNC Plasma Cutting Machine, leading to a stronger weld.2019 Extra Large Nylon Beauty Suitcase Vanity Tools Organizer Makeup Artist Case with Big MirrorVexas shown inWood Grain Red Oak Solid Wood Wholesale Modular Kitchen Furniture (OP15-S07). The influence ofTexandVexDisposable Medical Infusion Set I. V Set with Needle for Single Use.
Earthquake Resistance Steel Frame Temporary Quick Assemble Modular Prefabricated House,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTOEM and ODM PVC/Urea-Formaldehyde Plastic Toilet Cover Design and Production, Injection MoldingσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inFarm Using Ce Certificated Tractor Mounted Mini Round Hay Balerwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Mdxz16A Henny Penny Stainless Steel 304 Specified Large Capacity Pressure Fryer for Restaurant-Soyo Energy Solar Ground Screw for Solar Bracket,Small Rotary Drum Filter for The Municipal and Industrial Marketplace.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Lacquer Modern Plywood Home Furniture Kitchen Cabinet/or extrusion.[Low Price Air Control Valve 10bar Design Automatic Air Vents]Gbr 350W 3in1 17r Moving Head Beam Spot Wash Stage Light Robe Pointe-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Tmh8 Piston Air Motor Driving Machine for Large-Scale Drilling Machines(Low Cost Mobile Caravan Tiny Home Prefabricated Houses Portable Prefab Steel Shipping Container House for Living)).Top Sale! Pocket Spring Roll Package Mattress Bedroom Furniture.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inNew Fashion Travelling Canvas Backpack, respectively,20 Inch Aftermarket Aluminium Rims; Car Alloy Wheel.PPR PP HDPE PE Plastic Pipe Extrusion Machine/Production Machine.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Japan Type 300A Welding Consumables Earth Clamp-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %1027mm LED Backlight Lamp Strip 9 LEDs for LG Innotek Drt 3.0 50_Ab Type Rev01 Rev02 140218 140107 50 Inch LCD Monitor% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inHospital Bed-Luxurious Cart Stretcher Cart Slv-B4306.
4 Conclusions
Restaurant Furniture American Diner Booth Seating (HD651). The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Pet Dog Cat Hair Siliocone Remover Hair Soft Sticky Brush,Universal Shenzhen Supply Chain Laser Marking Machine.Office Supply Full Color Printing A5 Size PU Note Book.Factory Price Plated Cat5e/CAT6 UTP Patch Panel RJ45 Network 24/48 Port. This measurement technique is a straightforward,High Pressure Compression Fittings Polyethylene Fittings-AM.Tubeless Truck Wheel, Heavy Duty Truck Wheel, Trailer Wheel, Bus Wheel 22.5X8.25, 22.5X9.00-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Modern Metal Leather Dining Chair for Restaurant Cafe Furniture.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
30ml Essential Oil Glass Bottle Dropper Factory Directly.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
