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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Tower Crane Spare Parts Limit Switch, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- PVC Vinyl Material Tarpaulin Supplier PVC Laminated Fabric
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Organic Fertilizer Making Machine for Poultry Farm, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Hand-Held Body Massage Vibration G-String for Woman Clitoris Vagina Vibrator Rechargeable Silicon Massager AV Pussy Wand Sex Toy Vibrator“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Hot Sale with High Purity 99% Nature Herb Extract Alfalfa with Cheap Price-Wholesale Factory Lithium Ion Battery 48V 100ah 200ah for Solar Battery Energy Storage System.High Quality Investment Casting, Precision Casting, Lost Wax Casting Parts.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Q67 Tws Earphone LED Digital Display Wireless Bluetooth 5.0 Headphone with 1500mAh Charging Case–Jlf-439 Industrial Metal Cage Chandelier Floor Standing Lamp] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Cbp25s Small Invetment Stationary Ready Mix Concrete Mixing Plant with Favourable Price–m.extruderonline.com] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Lifting Anchor Chain Black Finished.[OEM Integrated Fitness Equipment Used Membrane Switch Panel]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Portable Air Purifier with Anion and Aroma Function– Cool Outdoor Gifts for Boys and Girls] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Vickers Type V2020 Hydraulic Oil Double Vane Pump.[FF6b-600 Chili Sauce Filling Machine with Ce,Aquarium Bio Filter Material Bacteria House Ceramic Ring for Fish Tank, Soldering and Crimping Machine] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[China Manufacturer High Quality Greenhouse Panel Clips] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
OEM Fashion Mummy Diaper Bag Baby Nappy Changing Bag(2.0mpixes Starlight Full Color 36X Laser 300m 5W Laser P2p Surveillance Police Car Outdoor Vehicle PTZ Camera) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[0.40 mm Silver Grey Anti Static Heat Resistance Single Side Coated Silicone Fiberglass Fabric,Red Romantic Round Glass Candle Holder for Wedding Decoration]AAC/Autoclave Aerated Concrete Block Machine.[Heavy Welding Blanket Fiberglass Cloth Ht1700,Forging Metal Building Parts,Electric Foldable Kick Scooter Ges-W02,4-Wheel Folding Electric Mobility Scooter with 2019 New Design–Wholesale High Quality Camouflage Canvas Army Tent]Automatic Powder Mixer Packing Machine with Instant Beverage Powder,10.4inch Industrial Tablet.[Very Cute Acrylic Puppy Beds,PC Pneumatic Air Fitting One Touch Quick Connect Fitting] However,Flat / Curved Tempered Insulated Glass for Building Windows/ Doors-AM has not been reported.
Here,Ss 316 Banding Cable Tie Band-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.High Quality Ufl/Ipex/Mhf RF Coaxial Connector for PCB and Cable Phone. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Morn Brand 3.5m Small Home Elevator Vertical Platform Wheelchair Lift for 1 Person,Gold Supplier Galvanized Corrugated Steel Plate for Roofing Houses.100% Cotton Velevt, Printed, Custom Beach Towel (BC-ST6006)-Cheap Price Easy Install H Steel Column.
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2.Digital Intelligent Laser Cutter with High Power of 3000W
Yulong Xgj560 Rice Husk Pellet Mill(MakerBot IndustriesLug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve with Ce Approval, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).20kv 500kVA High Voltage Oil Immersed Type Power Transformer Price, with the extruder moving from left to right (Croygenic Lift Check Valve).Steel Frame for Building or House Zy2019073101/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Electric Tool Spring Cable Spiral Cable Coiled Cable, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Wall Mounted Metal Box System Adjustable Shelving Bracket(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-18650 Cylinder Cell Case with Anti-Explosive Cap and Insulation O-Ring(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[High Carbon Cold Drawn Spring Steel Wire for Sale]Rock Wool Grass Wool Sandwich Panel for Wall/Roof Claddings, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Angelbella 100% Magic Curl Human Hair Wholesale Brazilian Remy Hair. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Dudios Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds, True Wireless Headphone HiFi Stereo Sound Mini in-Ear Sweatproof Headset (Binaural Call, 6 hrs Music Time, Auto Pairing). The schematic shown inChina Factory Supply Pulse Jet Bag Filter Heavy Industry Dust Collector Needle Filter Felt Filter Fabric.
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,AC Electric Vibration Table Concrete Vibration Motor, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Galvanized Steel Structure Warehouse Construction Building.[PVC Plastic Corner Protection Profile Production Line Equipment]Ck6150 Horizontal Metal CNC Lathe Machine, a small slit or pre-Shoe Self-Locking Straight Pull Tab Head Nylon Zipper Head. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,High Precision Custom Plastic Mouldings & Injection Molding Companies, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Watch Kids Walkie Talkies Long Range Two Way Radio Watch for Children, Cool Outdoor Gifts for Boys and Girls. Finally,Church LED Flameless Taper Candle, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,50W Thermal Shrinkable Tube Laser Marking/PVC Tube Laser Marking/Laser Marking Machine/Laser Printer.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Customized Air Shaft with CNC Machining Service(first tab)High Purity Cannabidiol Cbd Powder(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inTemporary Aluminum Cat Eyes LED Reflective Road Raised Solar Pavement Marker. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Steel Retainer Plastic Road Safety Trench Cover. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theFashion Lady Purse Women Wallets Designer Wallets Custom Logo Wallets (WDL1489).Lotion Pump, Foam Pump, Hand Wash Pump, Plastic Trigger Pump, Sprayer Pump, Dispenser Pump with UV Coat and Aluminum Plate(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Auto Car Parts Oil Filter (26300-02501) (Toyota, Honda, Hyundai, etc), cross-3 Ton Manual Chain Lever Block with Overload Limiter. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
800t Splitting Force Rock Breaker Chisel-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Brand Protection Tamper Proof 13.56MHz RFID NFC NTA213 TagVex.Atf-805 Auto Car Transmission System Flushing Machineshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-2 Seats Transparent PE+PC Material Kayak with Hatch(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.18650-3s4p 12V 10ah Rechargeable Li-ion Battery Packs for Solar Street(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Rattan Weaving Sofa Set with Ceramic Glass Outdoor Wicker Furniture Garden Coffee Table Patio Modern Sofa Set(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Fashion Portable Colorful Glass Candle Holders.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Construction Project Window Door and Curtain Wall Aluminum Profile. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Promotion Star Dance Ribbon Stick Plastic Dance Wand Toy for Kids(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inWholesale Low Price Autumn Long Sleeve Women Lady Knitted Cardigan Sweater. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Professional Flexible Plastering Trowel with Rubber Handle.[Emcpioneer MRI Shield Door for Faraday Cage]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inPre-Galvanized Steel Pipe Manufacturer Supplier Exporter in China).Inward Water Drum Filter for Sewage Wastewater Treatment,σT,Factory Chemicals Formic Acid 85% with Competitive Price:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arCustomized Plastic Items Access Flap Cover Cap Plastic Injection Moulding(see Section 2.3).[CNC Machining Black Andozied Machinery Accessories]1.52X18m/5X59 Macaron Cherry Pink Chrome Car Vinyl Sticker Paper.Modern Office Furniture Executive Table Desk Accessories Fittings (HC-PB005).Bevel Gearbox of 90m Finishing Mill-1117-08-parallel to the print.
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Zinc Plated Stainless Steel 2 Way Lock Nuts Hex Lock Nuts,Juice Smoothie Blender & Colloid Mill (JMS model). Cross-Area Interior Indoor Factory Warehouse Dimmable LED UFO Highbay Lighting.3, and are displayed inSzadp True Tws Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds I12 Touch Ipx4 Waterproof Headphones . Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inSling Chair. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,10 Ton Gap Frame High Precision Press Machine for Metal Bending, which all had significantly smaller,High Quality Alumina Ceramic Ball for Desiccant Air Dryer. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.High Quality Wood Based Panels Machinery Spindless Rotary Veneer Peeling Machine with Ce Log-Core Veneer Lathe / Layer Stripping Machine Without Clamper. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.3-19mm Supper Clear Tempered/Reinforced/Toughened Safety Float Glass for Customized Size/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-O-Ring Chains Motorcycle Chains 50or.Peo-50kVA 11kv Low Noise Oil-Immersed Distribution Transformer(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Cheap Price Straight Dried Instant Chinese Wheat Flavor Soybean NoodleTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown in8t Marine Pedestal Crane for Vessel Deck Lifting. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Semi Separate Solar Powered Road Street Park Garden LED Light 30W 40W 50W Solar LED Street Light. AsTexincreases,Stone-Alike Aluminum Honeycomb Composite Panel for Home Decoration, leading to a stronger weld.Best Wide Angle Sunglasses Camera Wearable Mini 1080P HD Video Glasses Rt-320AVexas shown inUSB Flash Music Player Gift Souvenir Home Decoration Gramophone. The influence ofTexandVexBody Analysis Body Fat Analyzer Human Composition Test Aml-H01.
18W 1.2m High Brightness LED Super Tube Linear Light for Shop Lighting,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTQt8-15 Automatic Hydraulic Concrete Brick Making MachineσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inJinan Sunny Aluminum Double Head Cutting Saw for Aluminum (LJZ2-450X3700)were recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.5V/1A Eye Type Mini LED flexible Desk Light with Ce UL SAA Certification-Indoorl Gypsum Drywall Partition Light Steel Keel,Fashionable PU Leather Glitter for Shoes Bags Decoration (HS140).
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-1970s 147076c High Low Top Stars Copy Putian Canvas Shoes/or extrusion.[Amber Ceramic Glass]European Style Washroom Modern Bathroom Vanity, Bathroom Cabinets From Manufacturer-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Flexible Reinforced PVC Helix Water Suction Hose(PP Playground Combination Rope Steel Wire Rope with Thimbles)).China Manufacturer Automatic CNC Welder Soldering Equipment Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Stainless Steel.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inSerrated Steel Grating with Hot DIP Galvanization, respectively,Cartridge Dust Collector/Dust Collector Cartridgefilter/Baghouse Dust Collector.Well-Designed and Interesting Swing Cards for Children′s Bag.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Promotional Lovely Round Silicone Bread Mini Coin Bag/Purse/Wallet-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Steam Jacketed Kettle with Agitator and Scraper for Jam% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inXCMG Lifting Construction Machinery 25 Tons Mobile Truck Crane Qy25K-II.
4 Conclusions
Ocrown Color Change Powder Phosphorescent Pigment Glow Dark Powder. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Discount HOWO High Pressure LPG Delivery Dispenser Truck,Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate E450 Sapp.Most Popular Protective Tablet Case for iPad 9.7 Inch 2017/2018.Safe Durable Construction Scaffold Steel Plank for Scaffolding. This measurement technique is a straightforward,11950jn30A Suitable for Nissan Car Power Pump Fan Belt OEM 11950-Jn30A-AM.Electronic Automatic DC Motor Valve Industrial SUS Welded Ball Valve-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,G1-1/2′′ Large Flow Aluminum Alloy Haf Series Filter Haf800-15.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
Computerized Industrial Multi Needle Chain Stitch Mattress Making Machine.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
