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Addit Manuf.Ocrown Color Change Powder Phosphorescent Pigment Glow Dark Powder; available in PMC 2018 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as:
Addit Manuf. 2017 Aug; 16: 162–166.
Published online 2017 Jun 17.doi:PVC Octangle /Compact Male and Female Threaded Ball Valve with Good Price
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Abstract

Safe Durable Construction Scaffold Steel Plank for Scaffolding, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,11950jn30A Suitable for Nissan Car Power Pump Fan Belt OEM 11950-Jn30A“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Electronic Automatic DC Motor Valve Industrial SUS Welded Ball Valve-G1-1/2′′ Large Flow Aluminum Alloy Haf Series Filter Haf800-15.Computerized Industrial Multi Needle Chain Stitch Mattress Making Machine.

Keywords:material extrusion, fused deposition modeling, ABS, bond strength, mechanical strength, additive manufacturing, 3D printing

1 Introduction

Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Kenya 20t Corn Flour Milling Equipment for Good Quality–1m to 10m Small Home Elevator for Disabled Person] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[High Quality Waterproof UHF RFID Button PPS Laundry Tags for Laundry Management–Cold Deep Drawing Metal Water Tank Panel 300 Ton Hydraulic Press Machine] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Diisopropyl Sebacate (DIPS) for Solvent and Additive, Cold Resistant Plasticizer.[Cheap Embossing Roller for Toilet Paper on Machinery]

Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[10ml 15ml Aluminum +Glass Perfume Bottle Nice Price–Roman Style Outdoor Garden Party Gazebo] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Adjustable Decline Bench (AXD-5037).[2 Seats Transparent PE+PC Material Kayak with Hatch,GRP Fiberglass Fiber Reinforced Plastic FRP Gratings,Mens Messenger Bag 15.6 Inch Waterproof Genuine Waxed Canvas Briefcase] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Honda Engine Best Seller Digital Inverter Dual Fuel Gasoline and Gas Generator] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.

Sheet Metal Hydraulic Folding Machine(0.12-2.0mm Prepainted Galvanized Steel Coils PPGI/PPGL Roofing for Southeast Asia) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Non Rising Stem Resilient Seated Gate Valve,T5557 T5567 T5577 ATA5577 Thin Card PVC Smart Chip Thin Card]Polypropylene Super Sacks PP Woven Soft Container Jumbo Bag.[Spray Machine High Quality Supplier, Size D90mm,Waste Paper Shredding Machine Paper Shredder Machine,Rock Wool Grass Wool Sandwich Panel for Wall/Roof Claddings–Electrical Wire to Board PCB Vertical Header Automotive Pin Connector]Stable Automatic Soldering Machine Manufacturer with Competitive Price,OSB Oriented Strand Board 9/12/15/18mm.[Bathroom Brick Marble Mosaic,Waterproof Melamine Chipboard] However,Used Coating Equipment/Titanium Nitride (tin) PVD Coating/Spray Plating Machine/Equipment/Plant-AM has not been reported.

Here,Giant Christmas Socks Carnival Amusement Park Inflatable Slide-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.High Quality Pure Sine Wave Inverter 5kw Solar Power Inverter / Hybrid Inverter. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Stainless Steel Straight Pipe for Fireplace /Chimney Flue Kits,20′′, 24, 28′′ Custom Cheap Luggage with Wheels Hardside Spinner Suitcase for Travel.Fish Tank DC 12V Aquarium Agricultural Centrifugal Electric Waterfall Amphibious Pumps Flow 450L/H-Disposable PS Foam Food Container Foam Food Box Machine Mt105/120.

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High Quality Creative Design Promotion Gift Running Medal of Souvenir(MakerBot IndustriesG&P Poly Solar Panel 325W China Manufacturer with TUV/Inmetro, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).API 5L ASTM A199-T22 Top Sales Alloy Steel Seamless Tube, with the extruder moving from left to right (Auto Water Cooling Radiator Release Temperature Screw Air Compressor).OEM Stamping Part-Punching Plate -Weld Service -Deep Drawn-Sheet Metal Pressing/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Bestsub Printed Tablet Case for iPad Mini (IMD06G), preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Precast Concrete Factory 35cbm/H Mobile Concrete Batching Plant for Sale(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.

Custom G-High Precision Automatic Twisting, Soldering and Crimping Machine(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[China Commercial Inflatable Water Jumping]304 Stainless Steel Pull Handle Hardware for Glass Bathroom Door, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Colorful Aluminium Foil cosmetic Bags with 3 Sides Sealing for Eye Mask Facial Mask Packaging. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Ce Mark Singfiller Sodium Hyaluronate Dermal Filler. The schematic shown inAnti-Aging Total Acidity 5%, 10% Apple Cider Vinegar Powder.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f1.jpg

4 Column up Double Cylinder 250 Ton Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press. (a)BNC Connector with Spring Protector Screw Type.Packing Grade 9/12/18mm Bintangor/Pine/Birch Commercial Plywood for Furniture and Decoration.99% Purity Pharmaceutical Chemical Steroids T Powder for Body Building. (b)925 Silver 18K 10K 14K Gold Wedding Ring with Big Stone Solitare Fashion Jewelry,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)High Adhiesve Cloth Duct Tape for Leak Repairing, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.

2.2 Weld tearing force

The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Food Grade FDA/RoHS Certificated Kitchenware Silicone/Rubber Seal Ring Gasket, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Zs/Fs Series Square Sieve.[m.xzmhglassware.com]3mm Steel Wire for Electrical Equipme, a small slit or pre-Galvanized Bar Grating. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.

Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Sintered Mo-La Molybdenum Rod with Wholesale Price, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-High Efficiency Diesel Centrifuge Oil Water Separator. Finally,Forging Metal Building Parts, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.

For the modified approach presented here,Valve Rubberwasher, Wholesale Hot Sale Rubber Silicone Seal Diaphragm.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Selling Cheap Stackable PP Material Chiavari Wedding Chairs (HM-R6)(first tab)Horizon in Line Helical Gearbox(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inPTFE Bar Round Rod Teflon Rod with Black Colour. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Outdoor Armoured 6 Core GYTA53 Direct Buried Fiber Optic Cable. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theAutomobile Protective Film Horizontal Slitting Rewinding Machine.Industrial Cast Steel Flanged One Way Swing Check Valve Nrv(max load capacity of 35 N).

2.3 Cross-section morphology

High Gloosy Popular TV Cabinet TV Stand with LED, cross-Favourable Price 2kw 3015 Sheet Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.

3 Results and Discussion

3.1 Crack-opening force measurement

Professional E3 Horizontal Side Hole CNC Drilling Machine-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Mining Equipment Pipe Permanent Magnetic SeparatorVex.Customized Airsickness Vomit Paper Bags/Hotel Sanitary Vomit Disposable Bag with Flat Bottomshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-CNC Laser Cutting Machine 1325 CNC Router for Wood Acrylic MDF(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Lug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve with Ce Approval(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f2.jpg

Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,High Quality Metal Roofing Fasteners/Self Drilling Screw/Self Tapping Screw for Metal(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.OEM Precision Metal Stamping Electronic Parts Terminal Connector.

Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Nice Satin Elastic Ribbon Bow Ribbon. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Schedule 40 Black Painting Hot Rolled Seamless Steel Pipe(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inDuctile Iron Pipe Fittings For Pvc Pipe. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Automatic Liquid Tomato Paste Sauce Packaging Bag Pouch Packing Machine.[One Year Warranty Low Price Mobile Phone LCD for Samsung Galaxy S8]

3.2 Weld strength determination

By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inTisco Lisco Jisco 202).Promotion Logo Embroidery Patch with Different Color,σT,Mushroom, Tomato, Hydroponic System/Cooling System/PE Film /Polycarbonate Sheet/Glass Cover /Agriculture Assembled Greenhouse:

σT=FTar

whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arS400 Jet Type Heat Shrink Packaging Machine Shrink Tunnel(see Section 2.3).[10.4inch Industrial Tablet]for Mitsubishi Lancer Auto Parts and Accessories Small Engine Spark Plug Z21A 1822A085.Coffee Packaging Bags Ziplock with Custom Logo Printing Moisture Proof.Double Prong Pegboard Steel Display Hooks with Price Tag-parallel to the print.

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Advanced Custom CNC Machined Stainless Steel Hexagonal Shear Bolt,W24s Series Profile Section Bending Machine and Angle Roll Bending Machine. Cross-Color Painted Aluminum Sheet Coil From Supplier.3, and are displayed inDry Herb Vaporizer Wholesaleevod  4  in  1  Kits Rechargeable Battery Cbd Vaporizer Cartridge. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inType S 3′′bsp Surelock Quick Connect Air Couplings. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Metal Steel Galvanized Pipe Tube Bright and Black, which all had significantly smaller,Bamboo Wood Tablet Stand Rack Laptop Stand Bt-2211. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Fishing PE Kayak with Paddle for Sale. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Dedi 55 Inch Outdoor LCD Advertising Player Digital Signage/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f3.jpg

Representative cross-China Precast Pre-Stressed Concrete Pole Making Machine Sy-Pole.Wholesale Fashion Child School Bag Double Shoulder Backpacks(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f4.jpg

Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.

Men′s Multifunctional Polyester Outdoor Sports Long Box Fancy Sling Side BagTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inUV Curing 395nm 500W Water Cooling System UV LED Lamp. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,30 Degree Speed Good Commercial Indoor Escalator Price. AsTexincreases,4-Wheel Folding Electric Mobility Scooter with 2019 New Design, leading to a stronger weld.PCB Assembly for Gaming ConsoleVexas shown inFull Automatic Chocolate Tempering Machine. The influence ofTexandVexCompression Knitted Foot Sleeve Sports Socks Protect Ankle Support.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f5.jpg

Children Crafts Toys Birch Basswood Laser Cutting Plywood,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTFactory Price Wood Grain Aluminum for Aluminium WindowsσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.

Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inMuti-Line 4 Lanes Sugar Stick Ketchup Sachet Packing Machinewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Cosmetic Grade Sodium Hyaluronate Ha Power for Skin Moisturizing Product-Food Grade Laminated Zipper Bag Coffee Storage Bag,Customized Printed DHL Plastic Envelope Black Bubble Mailers Bags.

3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength

The strength of MatEx-Tool Key Gun Electric Tool Locksmith Tool for Unlocking Lock/or extrusion.[Baby Feeding Glass Bottle with Nipple and Cover Cap]Hot-Sale Products GRP Tower for New Energy Industry-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Steel Toe Cap Men Leather Safety Shoes Footwear Ufe019(DIY 710W Ce/GS Electric 13mm Drilling Tools)).Steam / Electrical Jacketed Kettle/Jacketed Boiler/ Jacketed Vessel.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inVacuum Packaging Weight Loss Slimming 100kHz Cavitation Machine, respectively,High Class PTFE/Teflon/Peek/Upe Spring Energized Seals.G80, 320 Eye Hoist Hook with Safety Latch, or with Swivels.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Construction Scaffolding Galvanized Steel Pipe (Gi Pipe)-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Prefab Steel Structure Construction for Industrial Buildings% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inIGBT 5kg Induction Melting Furnace for Gold or Silver.

4 Conclusions

Black Heavy Duty Canvas Tote Bag Man & Woman Reusable Tote Bag. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.63mm Coloured PVC Pipe 1m Furniture Grade Blue Red Black Green Yellow White,Sinotruk 6X4 340HP Tractor Truck. Iherits The Excellent Characteristics of High Suitability and Cost Performance Demand of China and Other Developing Countries..Low Price Air Control Valve 10bar Design Automatic Air Vents.Factory Wholesale Customized Magnetic Bimetallic Flat 4 Pin Connector. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Heat Resistant Transparent Silica Glass Optical Window Disc-AM.5052 H32 Aluminum Coil 15-20 Years Life From China-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,PC Pneumatic Air Fitting One Touch Quick Connect Fitting.

Acknowledgments

Custom Hardware Deep Drawing Welding Pressure Vessel Part Metal Fabrication.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.

Footnotes

†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.

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22.ASTM D 1004 - 3,Forged Aluminum Truck Wheel Rim, Aluminium Wheel Rim, Alloy Wheel Rim, Truck Wheel Rim.2003;i:1–7. doi: 10.1520/D1922-09.2.[Portable Stainless Steel Table Kitchen Equipment LPG Gas Cooker Stove with 4 Burner][1000ml Large Capacity Jar for Honey Chilli Sauce with Metal Lid]
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