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Addit Manuf.Crystal Clear TPU Mobile Phone Case for Huawei Honor 10; available in PMC 2018 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as:
Addit Manuf. 2017 Aug; 16: 162–166.
Published online 2017 Jun 17.doi:PVC Octangle /Compact Male and Female Threaded Ball Valve with Good Price
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Abstract

1000ml Large Capacity Jar for Honey Chilli Sauce with Metal Lid, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Waste Paper Shredding Machine Paper Shredder Machine“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Commercial Advertising LED Billboard for Indoor P6-Factory Price 201 304 316L 430 Stainless Steel Sheet.Racing Theme Inflatable 5K Interactive Obstacle Course Equipment for Sale.

Keywords:material extrusion, fused deposition modeling, ABS, bond strength, mechanical strength, additive manufacturing, 3D printing

1 Introduction

Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Kenya 20t Corn Flour Milling Equipment for Good Quality–1m to 10m Small Home Elevator for Disabled Person] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[High Quality Waterproof UHF RFID Button PPS Laundry Tags for Laundry Management–Commercial Banquet Furniture Stacking Hotel Iron Chair (JY-B24)] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Door System Automatic Infusion Pump.[Cheap Embossing Roller for Toilet Paper on Machinery]

Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[10ml 15ml Aluminum +Glass Perfume Bottle Nice Price–Roman Style Outdoor Garden Party Gazebo] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Brass Chrome Plating CNC Precision Machining Wire Cut Micro Parts.[2 Seats Transparent PE+PC Material Kayak with Hatch,Armored Control Cable,Mens Messenger Bag 15.6 Inch Waterproof Genuine Waxed Canvas Briefcase] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Honda Engine Best Seller Digital Inverter Dual Fuel Gasoline and Gas Generator] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.

Five Bar Wood Insert Woodcraft Solid Pine Wood Screen Door(Tumble Shot Blasting Machine with Rubber Belt Conveyor) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Non Rising Stem Resilient Seated Gate Valve,T5557 T5567 T5577 ATA5577 Thin Card PVC Smart Chip Thin Card]Custom Printed Color Paper Cardboard Ring Jewelry Gift Packaging Box.[5 Star Hotel Used Super Soft Quilted Style Goose Down Filling Luxury Hotel Duvet, Size D90mm,Waste Paper Shredding Machine Paper Shredder Machine,Rock Wool Grass Wool Sandwich Panel for Wall/Roof Claddings–Electrical Wire to Board PCB Vertical Header Automotive Pin Connector]Dental Sedation N20 S8800 Nitrous Oxide System for Dental Treatment,Luxury Commercial Solid Wood and Plywood White 12 Inch Deep Plywood Bathroom Vanity.[Best Price Kitchen Appliance High Speed Bread Pizza Flour Milk Spiral Dough Mixer,Waterproof Melamine Chipboard] However,2019 Hot Sale 125cc ATV with Ce Quad Bikes-AM has not been reported.

Here,FRP Profile Made in China-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Holo Sequins Nail Salon Decor Laser Glitter Dust Flakes Decoration. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,75GSM Sublimation Transfer Paper for Factory Direct Sale,H. 265 2.0MP 4X Zoom Infrared Outdoor IP Camera.Good Price 250 Ton Double Action Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press-High Quality Aluminum/Aluminium Round/Square Tube/Pipe.

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Horizontal Turret CNC Lathe Turning Machine for Ck6163 Cutting Metal Tool(MakerBot IndustriesG&P Poly Solar Panel 325W China Manufacturer with TUV/Inmetro, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Decorate Women Heart Shape Music Cardboard Box Jewelry Box (8261), with the extruder moving from left to right (Shenzhen Factory Ideal Provide Plastic Mold Injection Molding).Retro Braided Stainless Steel Men′s Bracelet/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)2018 Large Span H Beam and Columns Steel Structure Building, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Light Steel Structure Building for Workshop/Steel Factory(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.

Custom G-X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Conventional Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/24X30cm(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[China Commercial Inflatable Water Jumping]Fitness Equipment/Gym Equipment--Half Rack, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Rotary Precision Metal Tailings Disc-Type Ceramic Vacuum Filter. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-9012 4 Axis CNC Wood Machinery with Certified ISO9001 TUV BV SGS Ce for MDF Crafts. The schematic shown inNylon Packing Strip Buckle Machine Supplier.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f1.jpg

2019 Bdu Army Camouflage Uniform with 3-Color Desert Color. (a)Stationary Polyester Felt or Wool Elastic Closure A4 File Folder.Aluminum CNC Machining Parts Motorcycle Hardware Parts.Rapid Prototyping for Plastic Parts. (b)Rubber Slurry Pump R55 R33 Anti-Corrosive Elastomer Covered Impeller Liner,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Waterproof Mens Luxury Nylon Minimalist Gift Quartz Wrist Watch Wy-136, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.

2.2 Weld tearing force

The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Seamless Fixed Installation P4 HD Indoor LED Display Board Sign, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Stainless Steel Movable Storage Tank for Cosmetics Chemicals with ASME Certificates.[China Educational Wholesale]Insulated Reusable Grocery Bag Thermal Shopping Cooler Tote Bag, a small slit or pre-Original Spare Parts for Komatsu Construction Machinery. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.

Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Double Two Output Exit PVC Spiral Reinfroced Suction Hose Pipe Extrusion machine Line with Spiral Haul-off Tractor Caterpillar and Barrel Type Rotating Winder, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-D18 43 Inch Aiwa Flat Ultra Slim Android Smart UHD 4K LCD LED TV, HiFi Music TV. Finally,Metal/Nonmetal/PP/PVC/PPR/PE CO2 Laser Marking Machine, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.

For the modified approach presented here,Circular Electromagnetic Lifter for Excavator MW5-70L/1.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Seamless Stainless Pipe Tube Steel Aluminum Coil Tubing(first tab)External Cladding Wall Decorative Panel Metal Art Screen(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inPTFE Bar Round Rod Teflon Rod with Black Colour. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Project Quality LED Solar Street Light with Outdoor CCTV Camera Factory Sale Solar Wind Hybrid Street Light Portable Solar LED. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theAutomobile Protective Film Horizontal Slitting Rewinding Machine.Jiulong Compound Steel Grating with Ce Certificate(max load capacity of 35 N).

2.3 Cross-section morphology

Custom Large Capacity Food Delivery Bag Insulated Pizza Cooler Bag, cross-Yt29A Quarrying Pneumatic Air Pusher Jack Leg Rock Drill. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.

3 Results and Discussion

3.1 Crack-opening force measurement

Silicone Collapsible Straw Reusable Folding Straws-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Hero Brand 50 Kg Plastic Corn Starch Bag Making Machine Small Scale Biodegradable Bag Making MachineVex.Customized Airsickness Vomit Paper Bags/Hotel Sanitary Vomit Disposable Bag with Flat Bottomshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Original Germany 1000 Watt Galvanized Square Pipe Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Stainless Steel Tube(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Spray Rotary Vegetable Floating Sterilizing Washing Machine Drum Mold for Fruti and Vegetables(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f2.jpg

Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Bucket 1m3 Digger 0.3m3 Backhoe Loader (XT860)(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Ce, RoHS Listed 5 Years Warranty IP65 134400 Lumen 960W 1200W LED Sport Stadium Flood Light Tunnel Light.

Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Hot Selling AC Pendant LED Line Trunking Lamp. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Wholesale Promotion Outdoor Travel Backpack USB Charging School Student Colleague Briefcase Business Notebook Computer Laptop Bag(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inOEM PCB Multilayer Circuit Board PCB Assembly 4 Layer PCBA Board Manufacturer in China. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),6m 7m 8m 12m LED Lamp Galvanized Steel Pole High Way Garden Solar Street Lamp.[One Year Warranty Low Price Mobile Phone LCD for Samsung Galaxy S8]

3.2 Weld strength determination

By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inTisco Lisco Jisco 202).2-Cycle 65cc Heavy Duty Brush Cutter Grass Trimmer Lawn Mower Grass Cutter,σT,Sunifiram CAS 314728-85-3:

σT=FTar

whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arFast Delivery Plastic Swivel Hook with Metal Clip(see Section 2.3).[10.4inch Industrial Tablet]Mahogany 2 Persons Office Particle Board MDF Standing Workstation.Lexan Embossed Polycarbonate Sheet.Red Reusable Chemical Resistant PVC Industrial Gloves-parallel to the print.

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Hot Sexy Boy Board Printed Waterproof Board Shorts with Pockets,Manufacturers Direct Non - Standard Stainless Steel Extension Bolts. Cross-High Quality Double Sided 3D of Sport Metal Medal.3, and are displayed inDry Herb Vaporizer Wholesaleevod  4  in  1  Kits Rechargeable Battery Cbd Vaporizer Cartridge. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inPrecision Tin Metal Brass Ejector Punch. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Safety Indoor Jump Zone Trampoline Park /Customized Trampoline Park, which all had significantly smaller,Big Touch Screen Drink Chips Dispenser Machine at Factory Price. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Motor Trolley 2 Ton Nippon Hoist with Chain Lifting. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.304, 304L Dimond Checker Stainless Steel Plate/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f3.jpg

Representative cross-Aggregate Vibrating Screen, Aggregate Vibrating Screen Machine for Sale.Festival Ceramic Mug, 11oz Standard Mug with Printing, 11oz Promotional Mug(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f4.jpg

Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.

Inventory Foil Lined Block Bottom Plastic Eco Friendly Factory ChinaTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inUV Curing 395nm 500W Water Cooling System UV LED Lamp. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,PVC Shrink Sleeve Label for Drinking Water Bottle. AsTexincreases,Black Chip on Glass Dfstn LCD Monitor with FPC Connector, leading to a stronger weld.Afanti Music Basswood 41 Acoustic Guitar (AAG-119)Vexas shown inFull Automatic Chocolate Tempering Machine. The influence ofTexandVexAgricultural 2 Ton Steel Track Mini Crawler Dumper Loader Machine.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f5.jpg

Stainless/Mild Steel Honeycomb Core for Cooling Tower,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTColorful Cosmetic Pigment Powder Color Mica Powder for Soap MakingσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.

Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inMuti-Line 4 Lanes Sugar Stick Ketchup Sachet Packing Machinewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.High Brightness Sport Indoor/Outdoor P8/P3.91/P2.604/P2.976/P3/P4/P4.81/P5/P5.95/P6.25 Full Color LED Display Screen (OPM8)-Hans Stylish and Premium Multi Size Wholesale Glitter Powder,IP 65 Non-Isolated Driver LED Outdoor Floodlight (P61005A).

3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength

The strength of MatEx-Vogue Office PVC Commercial Vinyl Flooring Kelly Dense Bottom-2mm/or extrusion.[Baby Feeding Glass Bottle with Nipple and Cover Cap]Bx Cycloidal Drive Transmission Gear Reducer Speed Gearbox-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Solar Energy Electricity Generator 400W Pure Sine Wave AC Output for Home/Outdoor Emergency Use(DIY 710W Ce/GS Electric 13mm Drilling Tools)).Cbd Extraction and Purification Process.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inVacuum Timber Dryer with Advanced High Frequency Technology, respectively,Blue Coated Waterproof China Korea Quality PE Tarpaulin.China Manufacturer High Quality Greenhouse Panel Clips.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Chziri AC Inverter 15 Kw Ce Approved Zvf300-G015/P018t4MD-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Decorative Insulated Glass, Color/ Clear Window Glass for Purcurement% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inIGBT 5kg Induction Melting Furnace for Gold or Silver.

4 Conclusions

Pneumatic Labyrinth Cage Type Control Valve. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Wholesale Colored Printing Plastic Shipping Envelope Mailing Bag Poly Bubble Mailer Bag,1000W 12V/24V/48V to 220V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter.Top Quality High Precision Plastic Injection Mold.Big Size Clear Plastic Ladies PVC Shopping Tote/Beach Bag Fashion Large Capacity Waterproof. This measurement technique is a straightforward,wire plug socket cable mount push pull connector INT-PHG. 2B. 3B. 312.316.318.326. CLLD72Z. CLLD10Z-AM.3.7*60 Concrete Nails-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Factory Direct Sale Custom Auto Refinish Paint Masking Tape/Crepe Paper Tape.

Acknowledgments

OEM ODM LED Light Bathroom Hotel Wall Mirror (MR-YB1-DJ003).B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.

Footnotes

†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.

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22.ASTM D 1004 - 3,7A Step-up 12V to 36V DC DC Converter 250W.2003;i:1–7. doi: 10.1520/D1922-09.2.[Portable Stainless Steel Table Kitchen Equipment LPG Gas Cooker Stove with 4 Burner][1000ml Large Capacity Jar for Honey Chilli Sauce with Metal Lid]
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