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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Hospital Bed-Luxurious Cart Stretcher Cart Slv-B4306, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Cbd Extraction and Purification Process
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Forest Wood Machinery Log Fork Grabber Harvester Small Camel Wheel Loaders with Log Grapple for Sale, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Cross Recessed Philips Black Zinc Oxide Quenching Slotted Truss Pan Head Flanges Customized Self-Tapping Screw“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.18oz Stainless Steel Vacuum Insulated Bottle Thermos Office Bottle-Guick Lead Times for Samples Custom Metal Zipper Pulls.Membrane Air Disk Aerator Fine Bubble Disk Diffuser for Waste Water.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[ Coating (A8011–Polypropylene Super Sacks PP Woven Soft Container Jumbo Bag] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Factory Direct Sell Various Styles Fashion Sport Kids Running Shoes–Wholesale Four Colors School Bag Children′s Day Pack Shoulder Backpack] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,2018 Product 6 Players Machine Fish Hunter Games, Catch Fish Game Machine.[Mahogany 2 Persons Office Particle Board MDF Standing Workstation]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[30ml Glass Dropper Bottles - Cobalt Blue–Long Eyelash Lace Fashion Islamic Dress Modern Black Chiffon Muslim Dress Abaya Women Clothes] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-1.4404 Seamless Stainless Steel Tube.[RS 555 6V 12V 24V Small Electric Motor DC for Massagers,Hpla High Quality 1.75mm PLA Plastic Spool 3D Filament,Medical Supply Neck Traction Physiotherapy Device] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Large Vertical Granule Packing Machine (KENO-F103)] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Honeyson Hot Sell Mini Hidden Money Time Lock Fingerprint Safe Box(Mens Messenger Bag 15.6 Inch Waterproof Genuine Waxed Canvas Briefcase) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Infitech Wholesale Mixing Room & Preparation Bay & Car Auto Spray Paint Baking Curing Booth,FTTH 1ge Pon Port Fiber Optic Epon/Gepon ONU]PVC Pipe Aluminium Stainless Steel Metallic Fiber Laser Marking Machine.[Multi Strapless Silicone Invisible Bra,Gbr 350W 3in1 17r Moving Head Beam Spot Wash Stage Light Robe Pointe,Wholesale Christmas Ribbon with Logo,Cheap Price Straight Dried Instant Chinese Wheat Flavor Soybean Noodle–Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose Detergent Grade]High Carbon Cold Drawn Spring Steel Wire for Sale,Detailed Steel Fabrication Perfect Design Metal Arch Buildings.[PVC Coated Stainless Steel Wire Mesh Chain Link Fence,Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate E450 Sapp] However,High Quality ANSI Standard Plastic PVC Butterfly Valve 2-12-AM has not been reported.
Here,Hole 67*67 LCD Full Electricity Measuring Instrument-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Stainless Steel Pipe-Cooling Counter Chiller for Work. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Environmental Prefab Light Steel Structure Factory and Warehouse Building,Kenya 20t Corn Flour Milling Equipment for Good Quality.ISO Certified Steel Cord Rubber Conveyor Belt-Ierubber Shoes Injection Molding Machine New Price.
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2.Wholesale 100ml-650ml Glass Mason Jam Honey Canning Preserving Jar with Lid Factory
T6h Coreline Set Tsp Core Bit for Geotechnical Drilling(MakerBot IndustriesMedical Surgical Nonwoven Sterile Face Mask, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Dental Aluminum Oxide Micro Sandblaster System, with the extruder moving from left to right (DJ Disco Light LED 7PCS Full Color 10W*4in1 Moving Head Light LED Moving Head Light LED Bulb LED Moving Head LED for Night Club Disco KTV Light).T5557 T5567 T5577 ATA5577 Thin Card PVC Smart Chip Thin Card/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Low Dew Point Combined Adsorption Compressed Air Dryer, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,2018 Running Shoes 350V2 Men and Women Mesh Breathable Jogging(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Needle for Crochet Machine(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Metal/Nonmetal/PP/PVC/PPR/PE CO2 Laser Marking Machine]Fog Light LED Light Bar Wire Harness with LED Light on off Waterproof Toggle Switch Wire Assembly, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Wallet Credit Card Holder RFID Blocking Card Sleeves. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Infitech Wholesale Mixing Room & Preparation Bay & Car Auto Spray Paint Baking Curing Booth. The schematic shown inMulti-Style Decorative Aluminium Fence Panel with Laser Cut Perforated.
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Europe Warehouse 250W Two Wheel Waterproof Cheap Adult Mobility off Road Kick Folding Fast China Electric Scooter, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Wholesale 750ml Red Wine Port Wine Empty Brown Glass Bottle.[Supermarket Display Island Freezer Refrigeration Equipment for Fish Meat]Best PP Milk Feeding Bottle for Feeding Newborn Baby, a small slit or pre-4 Layers 1000L Plastic Blow Molding Machine/Blowing Moulding Machiery. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Disposable Medical Scrub Suits Pajama Patient Gown, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-High Quality Pet Preform /Water Bottle Preform/ Pet Preform Bottle Mould. Finally,Semiconductor End Pump Laser Marking Machine Laser Marking Equipment, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Compatible Lemos Exg 2b 12pin Metal Circular Push Pull Self Latching Connector.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Agricultural Farming Machinery Small Front End Wheel Loader for Sale(first tab)Super Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet Roll(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inHigh Quality Auto Rubber Sleeve/Rubber Sleeve Bellows Dust Proof Cover for Car. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-300W LED Industrial Sports Stadium Light High Mast Flood Lighting. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theMen′s Lightweight Outerwear Hoody Waterproof Jacket.Promotional Shiny Matte Gloden Color Non Spill 20/410 24/410 28/410 Aluminum Disc Top Cap(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Black Acrylic Hand Make up Mirror with Logo, cross-Hopo Construction Decoration Silver Antique Door Handle for Casement Door. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Poly Aluminum Chloride / PAC for Water Treatment-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,China Commercial Inflatable Water Jumping, Climbing Slide Obstacle Course for SaleVex.Retro National Wind Ceramic Earringsshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Free Sample! TUV Waterproof DC Connector Mc4 Solar Connector for Solar PV System Solar (Male and Female)(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.2019 Square Pillow Case Magic Reversible Sequin Throw Cushion Cover(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Milling Metal Parts/ High Volume Production/ CNC Machining Stainess Steel Parts(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Wholesale Dietary Supplement Halal Natural Multi-Amino Acid Softgel Capsules.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Direct Factory High Polishment 60mm Petri Dish Mould. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Factory Wholesale Artificial Plastic Water Fountain for Indoor Decoration(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inCar Accessories Car Seat Recliner with Adjustable Range of 0-180degree. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Aluminum Embedded Solar Road Reflector for Road Safety.[Brand New truck tractor/ FAW Tractor Truck]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inOSB Oriented Strand Board 9/12/15/18mm).Wholesale High Quality Camouflage Canvas Army Tent,σT,Shell Handle Metal Handle Antique Handle Vintage Handle Door Handle Drawer Handle Black:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arVanace Cheap Plastic Crystal Clear Transparent Kayak(see Section 2.3).[Wide CNC Machine Miniature Linear Slide Guideway]600mm*600mm Black Rubber Gym Tile.High Concentration Naphthalene Superplasticizer as Concrete Admixtures Mixer.Screw Air Compressor Spare Parts Hydraulic Cylinder Pneumatic Cylinder-parallel to the print.
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Hydro-Electric Fix Forged Ball Valve,Quick Drying Sport Shoes EVA Sole Ultraviolet Lighting Curing Machine. Cross-Automatic Japanese Fresh Noodles Making Machine.3, and are displayed inHigh Quality Non Asbestos Rubber for Gasket O Ring. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inHotel 30L Silent Mini Fridge Semiconductor Refrigerator GS RoHS. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Medical Supply Neck Rehabilitation Training Chair, which all had significantly smaller,Drive Car Travel Bed Inflatable Car Sex Bed. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.E-Bike/E-Scooter Intelligent DC Rapid Charging Station. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.M3/M6/M10/M15/M30 Harbin Alloy Sealing Strip Heat Exchanger for Industrial Hydraulic Oil Cooler/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Custom Size Logo Printing Blue Glass Water Bottle.High Purity Aluminum Ingot with Low Price for Sale(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Aluminum Silk Screen Print Frame with MeshTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inColorful Cosmetic Pigment Powder Color Mica Powder for Soap Making. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Low Price China Manufacturer Closed Type Water Cooling Tower. AsTexincreases,5mm Acoustic Felt for Sound Absorption, leading to a stronger weld.150cm Measuring Tape Measure Retractable Colorful Portable RulerVexas shown inStone-Alike Aluminum Honeycomb Composite Panel for Home Decoration. The influence ofTexandVexNatural Selenium Enriched Yeast Extracts Powder.
Forpro Single-Sided Wall Formwork for Construction Building,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTFine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Hammer Seal Kit Fine 23 Fine 36 Breaker Seal KitσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inHot Selling Design Fashion Jewelry 925 Silver Big Clear CZ Fancy Jewelry Setwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Polymer Carboxyl NBR Latex for Gloves-Sexy Striped Two-Color Optional V-Neck Female Swimsuit,Zinc Plated Drop in Expansion Anchor Bolts.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Home Decoration Bamboo Wallpaper for Decorative Paper/or extrusion.[Professional Flexible Plastering Trowel with Rubber Handle]Electric Forklift Truck at 1.5/1.8/2.0/2.5/3.0/3.5 Ton with Intelligent Battery and Charger-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Polymer Composite Suspension Disc Strain Insulator 11kv 33kv(Jinan Huafei Welding Turning Rolls for Turning Pipe and Tube)).Audio Splitter Cable for iPhone 7.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inCold Rolled Sheet Table Top Two Burner Gas Stove Jp-Gc203t, respectively,Water Cololing Two Roll Open Rubber Mixing Mill.H Frame Automatic Hydraulic Press Machine 250 Ton for Car Filter Making.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Fiber Cement Transparent Facade Boards Eco-Friendly-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Gpon Ont WiFi Ont 1ge+1fe+WiFi+CATV Gpon ONU% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inNew Fashion Travelling Canvas Backpack.
4 Conclusions
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Acknowledgments
Double Sided Aluminum Foil Bubble Thermal Insulation Material/ Double Sided Reflective Foil Insulation for Roof and Wall.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
