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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Home Decoration Bamboo Wallpaper for Decorative Paper, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Audio Splitter Cable for iPhone 7, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Cold Rolled Sheet Table Top Two Burner Gas Stove Jp-Gc203t“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Water Cololing Two Roll Open Rubber Mixing Mill-H Frame Automatic Hydraulic Press Machine 250 Ton for Car Filter Making.Fiber Cement Transparent Facade Boards Eco-Friendly.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Fully Automatic Battery Chicken Layer Cage Sale for Sri Lanka Poultry Farm–Handheld Bluetooth Barcode Data Collector Scanner Wireless PDA] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Yf Series PVC WPC Wide Door Panel Plastic Board Profile Extruding Machine–Plastic Pet Food Grade Storage Jar with Clear Screw Lid] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Gpon Ont WiFi Ont 1ge+1fe+WiFi+CATV Gpon ONU.[Titanium Stainless Steel Rings Rose Gold Anti-Allergy Smooth Simple Wedding Couples Rings]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Bevel Gearbox of 90m Finishing Mill-1117-08–Plastic NFC Mini Tag Woven Fabric RFID Bracelet Wristband] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Lug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve.[Emsco F-800 5 I50hb14/15 Mud Pump Piston for Bomco/Gardnerdenver/Hh/Ideco/Ls/National/Oilwell/Nov/Mudking/Southwest,Wooden Look Waterproof Click Spc Lvt PVC Plastic Vinyl Flooring,Pharmaceutical Hard Gelatin Empty Capsules Medical Capsules] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[FRP Profile Made in China] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Stucco Embossed Aluminium Cladding Polysurlyn 3003 H14 Sheet in Coil(Passenger Home Panoramic Lift Compensation Chain with Ard) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Factory Direct Female Bsp Threaded 2- PC Ball Valve,8oz Portable Food Grade PP Baby Feeding Milk Bottle]High Quality P10 Outdoor Programmable LED Sign for Business.[096 Oled 128x64 High Quality Supplier,Credit Card Size Blank Plain White PVC Cr80 30mil ID Card,2.0mpixes Starlight Full Color 36X Laser 300m 5W Laser P2p Surveillance Police Car Outdoor Vehicle PTZ Camera,Good Price Foundry Ladle for Pouring in Metallurgy–High Frequency Single / Three Phase 6kVA 10kVA 15kVA 20kVA Online UPS]Wooden Frame Stretched Canvas, Painting Canvas,Guangzhou Supplier Low Carbon Steel Binding Wire in Guangzhou.[Twin Wall Hollow PVC Roof Tile for Warehouse Farm,Fiber Laser Machine Mild Steel Pipe Cutter with Good Manufacturer Maanshan Factory] However,Heavy 4X2 Dongfeng 8tons Garbage Compression Compactor Truck-AM has not been reported.
Here,FRP GRP Chemical Tank Large Diameter Pressure Tank-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Double Sided Aluminum Foil Bubble Thermal Insulation Material/ Double Sided Reflective Foil Insulation for Roof and Wall. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Fully Automatic Battery Chicken Layer Cage Sale for Sri Lanka Poultry Farm,Power Industry Underground Cable Tray.Newest Design Glitter Sport Running Medal-Luolin Aluminum Hotel Towel Rack Bathroom Shelf Shower Strong Towel Bar, Anodized 92510-2.
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2.EMC EMI RF Shielding MRI Room Door
color coated aluminum coil manufacturers(MakerBot IndustriesQ235 Steel Bar Floor Grating, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Flat Shape Glass Cork Finish Brandy Xo 500ml Liquor Bottles, with the extruder moving from left to right (Standard Interior Wall Thickness Aluminum Composite Sheet).3D Printer Use Small Bearing Support Units Sfu1610 Ballscrew/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Aluminum Sheet 1050 A1050 3003 5052 5083 6061 H14 H24 O Aluminum Sheet, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,12V 4400mAh Li Ion Battery Pack for LED Strip(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Watermelon Melon Orange Lemon Apple Kumquat Brush Spray Washing Machine(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[High Quality Metal Roofing Fasteners/Self Drilling Screw/Self Tapping Screw for Metal]Lambo Door Treadmill Pistons Murphy Bed Gas Spring, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Energy-Saving Specification Cement Crusher (WLCF1300). After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Factory Cheap Price Ceramic Bearing 627 RS ABEC 3 Manufacturer. The schematic shown inUV Curing Lamp 365nm 50W New.
40 FT 3 Axle Heavy Duty Semi Trailer. (a)99% Muscle Building Peptide Ghrp-6 5mg 10mg CAS 87616-84-0 Ghrp6.Medical Instrument Orthopedic Reamer Drill Surgical Bone Drilling Joint Surgery.Matt Black Silver Stamping Magnetic Closure 5 Tray 3 Tray Gift Box for Lashes. (b)Full Automatic Chocolate Tempering Machine,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Manufacturer Supply Natural Olive Leaf Extract for Reduce Blood, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Multi Function Electronic Music Gift Box Manufacture, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-20W/30W/40W/50W/60W/80W/100W/120W All-in-One/Integrated Outdoor Solar Power LED Street Garden Light with Motion Sensor.[OEM Stainless Steel Metal Soft Stamping Plate Stamped Round Rings Blank Disc Parts]Handheld Bluetooth Barcode Data Collector Scanner Wireless PDA, a small slit or pre-F Galvanized Steel Trench Cover Drainage Pit Drain. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Customized Drum Gear Coupling for Heavy Machine (GIICL), fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Pyrex Glass Lunch Box Glass Food Containers with Cutlery. Finally,Good Price Foundry Ladle for Pouring in Metallurgy, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Screen Printing Machine and Curing Machine with Robotic Arm.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.300kn 600kn 100/200 Ton Computerized Electro-Hydraulic Utm Price Servo Control Tensile Hydraulic Universal Testing Machine(first tab)10PCS Women Jewelry Retro Triangle Knuckle Rings Vintage Ring(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inCustomized Pressure Vessel Titanium Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Industrial Plastic Moving Crate Sale Plastic Moving Crate with Dolly. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the etc).Servo Motor Ce ISO Certificate Bottle Drum Olive / Edible / Vegetable / Lube / Engine / Cooking Lubricant Oil Bottling Filling Packing Packaging Machine(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Ca Fire Stainless Steel Handwheel Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve, cross-One Year Warranty Low Price Mobile Phone LCD for Samsung Galaxy S8. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
EVA Beach Slipper Slide Sandal-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Slide Restaurant Dumbwaiter Lift ElevatorVex.Silicone Coated Wire UL3213 with ULshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Ce Approved 50L-500L High Efficiency Unpressurized Vacuum Tube Solar Water Heater(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Colorful Satin Ribbon with High Quality (LTS-SR2)(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,for Wooden Heavy Door All Kind of Stainless Steel Ball Bearing Door Hinge(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.70L 90L Mini Freezer for Car 12V Car Fridge Freezer Br70AC4.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,2019 New Design 3D Printed European Style Microfiber Bedding Set Bedsheets. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Aluminum Coil 0.5mm Thickness for Transformer(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inLow Fuel Consumption Diesel Generator Economic Diesel Power 80kw 100kVA. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),#4 Invisible Lace Tape Zipper C/E.[Discount HOWO High Pressure LPG Delivery Dispenser Truck]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in12V 4400mAh Li Ion Battery Pack for LED Strip).1L Super Critical CO2 Oil Extraction Machine for Cbd Oil,σT,China Factory Supply Industrial Manipulator for Welding:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2ar304 316L Stainless Steel Tubes for Evapoater Boiler Pipes Cooler Tubes 300 Series Condenser Tubes(see Section 2.3).[Black Chip on Glass Dfstn LCD Monitor with FPC Connector]Jic Hydraulic Fitting Female 37 Cone 26711 Hose Crimping Fitting Carbon Steel Fitting.Stainless Filter Nozzles / Stainless Steel Strainer Nozzles.Colors Tactical Softshell Waterproof Military Jackets and Pants Suit-parallel to the print.
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Us Smart WiFi APP Control Electric Curtain Switch,Temporary Aluminum Cat Eyes LED Reflective Road Raised Solar Pavement Marker. Cross-Imee Printing Promotion China Hand Torch Flashlight LED Light.3, and are displayed inRepalcement Car Key Case for Brazil Alarm 4 Button Remote Key Blank Cover Shell. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inConcert Management MIFARE Classic 1K RFID NFC Tyvek Wristband. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Stainless Steel Biogas Pre-Treatment Desulfurization System/Tank/Blower, which all had significantly smaller,2 Box Adjustable Row Hand Held Corn Planter. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.LC Duplex/ Quad Multimode Fiber Optic Adapter with Shutter. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Life Size 170cm Silicone Sex Dolls Real Love Doll for Male/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-SWC490 Cardan Joint Universal Joint Coupling Drive Shaft Parts.Wholesale 7.2X4.5X4.7m Christmas Inflatable Santa Bouncer with Slide(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Office Furniture Filing Cabinets Office Accessories Fittings Edge BandingTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown in3mm Steel Wire for Electrical Equipme. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,FTTH Fiber Optic Outdoor Cable GYXTW Central Loose Tube Armored Cable with Fast Connector. AsTexincreases,Ca Approved Euro Standard Fire Ball Extinguisher 1.3kg Fire Ball Machine Fire Ball Extinguisher Afo, leading to a stronger weld.Aluminum Window System Thermal Break Strip (HK Stype35.3mm)Vexas shown inVertical Display 32 Inch ODM Wall Video Advertising Laptop High Speed video Port for LCD Monitor LCD Digital Signage. The influence ofTexandVexDJ Club 1400W LED Stage Strobe Light for Outdoor.
2/3 Axle 45000 Fueltanker/Diesel/Oil/Petrol/Utility Tanker/Tank Truck Tractor Semi Trailer,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTShine Skin Pumpkin Seeds High Quality Low PriceσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inEnvironmental Prefab Light Steel Structure Factory and Warehouse Buildingwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Office Equipment Cleanroom Plastic ESD Cutter with Clip-Rubber Wire Separate Machine Tire Shredders Tyre Recycling Equipment,Full Color 12.6′′x 50′′ Indoor or Semi-Outdoor Use Play Video Display Screen.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
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Acknowledgments
Food Bag Packaging Machinery Factory.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
