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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Programmable P10 Colorful LED Message Sign, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Rotary Precision Metal Tailings Disc-Type Ceramic Vacuum Filter
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Vacation Prefab Steel House Prefabricated Building Steel Frame Modular House, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,6mm Flexible Fireproof HPL Sheet for Facade Wall Panel“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Corn Puffs Snack Extruder Food Machine From Sinopuff Machinery-Cimc 6cbm Offshore Container.Laparoscopic Instruments Trocar Laparoscopy Endoscopy Spiral Thoracic.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[YAMAHA Suzuki Bajaj Ktm Motorcycle Spare Parts Spark Plugs–Crossfit Gym Noise Reduction Rubber Gym Equipment Flooring] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Different Kinds of Premium Acrylic OPP Packing Tape–Folding Plastic Crate/Turnover Box for Storage] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Good Price Thermoplastic Hot Melt Road Marking Paint Line Equipment.[Waterproof Adult Raincoat with Reflective Strips in Guangzhou]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Brand Protection Tamper Proof 13.56MHz RFID NFC NTA213 Tag–PVC Injection Slipper Shoe Making Molding Machine] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Medical Surgical Nonwoven Sterile Face Mask.[LC Duplex/ Quad Multimode Fiber Optic Adapter with Shutter,Commercial Sofas High Quality Supplier,High Purity Aluminum Ingot with Low Price for Sale] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Y-Spring Threaded Check Valve] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Greenhouse Plastic Covering 150 Micron 200 Micron LLDPE Agricultural Plastic Po Film(Unstructured Custom Low Profile Promotion Blank Washed Baseball Plain Cap) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Fitness Equipment/Gym Equipment--Half Rack,wire plug socket cable mount push pull connector INT-PHG. 2B. 3B. 312.316.318.326. CLLD72Z. CLLD10Z]Synthetic Resin Tile/Building Material/PVC Roofing/Roofing Sheet.[LEAD TECH LT760 CIJ Expiry Date Inkjet Printer,Orange Fashion Men′s Twist Bag,5052 H32 Aluminum Coil 15-20 Years Life From China,Membrane Switch Printing Machine Epoxy Coating Membrane Keyboard–Antique Recycled Hot Cocoa and Coffee Bar Sign Coffee Shop Signs Business Signs]500W with Dual Path LED Channel Letter Laser Welding Machine,IGBT 5kg Induction Melting Furnace for Gold or Silver.[Biciclette Mountain Bike,Wholesale Custom Free Design Name Rhinestone/Lapel Pin/Flower/Jewelry/Alloy/Crystal/Badge/Metal/Tin/Flag/Army/Emblem Brooch for Promotional Gift] However,Aluminium Blind Rivets-AM has not been reported.
Here,Sat703b Cavo Antenna Coassiale Satellite-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.China Supplier Outdoor Car Paint Spray Booth with Centrifulgal Fan. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Disposable Strong Stretchable Anti-Bacteria Powder Free Latex Surgical Examination Gloves (LG100),Unique Style Hotel Use Wedding Used Square Dinner Plate.Plastic Hand Fan Abanico De Mano Bolsillo Dance Baile Polka DOT-OEM Production Plastic Injection Products Rubber Wheel Overmolding.
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2.New Shacman F3000 6X4 Truck Trailer Head
Bulk OEM Colors Oversized Custom Logo Street Style Hoodie(MakerBot IndustriesServo Motor Ce ISO Certificate Bottle Drum Olive / Edible / Vegetable / Lube / Engine / Cooking Lubricant Oil Bottling Filling Packing Packaging Machine, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Vulcanizing Machine /Rubber Tiles Vulcanzing Press, with the extruder moving from left to right (New Arravial Brand Printing Leather Wallets with Individual ID Card Holder Zipper Coin Pocket Ladies Purses Clutch Evening Bag).E1 Melamine Faced Chipboard Price From China Luligroup/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Elephant Style Real Leather Cute Shoulder Bag Mini Size Handbag Animal Clutch Pouch Coin Purse Emg5070, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Bridge Moving Double Girder Movable Railway Engineering Construction Gantry Crane(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Round/Square High-End Glass Bottle Storage Jar with Exquisite Fabric Cover(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[CNC Laser Cutting Machine 1325 CNC Router for Wood Acrylic MDF]Crystal Clear TPU Mobile Phone Case for Huawei Honor 10, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Electric or Diesel Powered Forest Wood Tree Log Peeling Machine. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-LED Solar Garden/Lawn/Landscape Light for Garden Park House Lighting. The schematic shown inSigma Residential Round Square Slim Recessed Surface Mounted 9W 12W 15W 18W 24W 30W Ceiling Lightbulbs LED Panel Lighting.
1000ml Large Capacity Jar for Honey Chilli Sauce with Metal Lid. (a)Waste Paper Shredding Machine Paper Shredder Machine.Commercial Advertising LED Billboard for Indoor P6.Factory Price 201 304 316L 430 Stainless Steel Sheet. (b)Racing Theme Inflatable 5K Interactive Obstacle Course Equipment for Sale,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Door System Automatic Infusion Pump, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Brass Chrome Plating CNC Precision Machining Wire Cut Micro Parts, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Five Bar Wood Insert Woodcraft Solid Pine Wood Screen Door.[www.qj-ec.com]Tumble Shot Blasting Machine with Rubber Belt Conveyor, a small slit or pre-Custom Printed Color Paper Cardboard Ring Jewelry Gift Packaging Box. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Dental Sedation N20 S8800 Nitrous Oxide System for Dental Treatment, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Luxury Commercial Solid Wood and Plywood White 12 Inch Deep Plywood Bathroom Vanity. Finally,2019 Hot Sale 125cc ATV with Ce Quad Bikes, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,FRP Profile Made in China.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Holo Sequins Nail Salon Decor Laser Glitter Dust Flakes Decoration(first tab)75GSM Sublimation Transfer Paper for Factory Direct Sale(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inFog Light LED Light Bar Wire Harness with LED Light on off Waterproof Toggle Switch Wire Assembly. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-H. 265 2.0MP 4X Zoom Infrared Outdoor IP Camera. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theHot Sale Washing Machine Stainless Steel Floor Drain.Good Price 250 Ton Double Action Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
High Quality Aluminum/Aluminium Round/Square Tube/Pipe, cross-10t Industrial RO Purification System Salt Water Treatment. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
16oz Tritan Plastic Goblet Champagne Flutes-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Horizontal Turret CNC Lathe Turning Machine for Ck6163 Cutting Metal ToolVex.Manufactor of Pillow Block Bearingshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Decorate Women Heart Shape Music Cardboard Box Jewelry Box (8261)(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Shenzhen Factory Ideal Provide Plastic Mold Injection Molding(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Retro Braided Stainless Steel Men′s Bracelet(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.2018 Large Span H Beam and Columns Steel Structure Building.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Light Steel Structure Building for Workshop/Steel Factory. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Conventional Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/24X30cm(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inSuede Leather Steel Safety Shoes/Safety Footwear Ax05030. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Fitness Equipment/Gym Equipment--Half Rack.[OEM Multi - Electrode Auto and Motorcycle Spark Plugs]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inFactory Wholesale Carbon Round Galvanized Steel Pipe Price).Rotary Precision Metal Tailings Disc-Type Ceramic Vacuum Filter,σT,9012 4 Axis CNC Wood Machinery with Certified ISO9001 TUV BV SGS Ce for MDF Crafts:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arNylon Packing Strip Buckle Machine Supplier(see Section 2.3).[UV Light Change Colors ABS Filament 3D Printer Printing Material]2019 Bdu Army Camouflage Uniform with 3-Color Desert Color.Stationary Polyester Felt or Wool Elastic Closure A4 File Folder.Aluminum CNC Machining Parts Motorcycle Hardware Parts-parallel to the print.
3.Rapid Prototyping for Plastic Parts
Rubber Slurry Pump R55 R33 Anti-Corrosive Elastomer Covered Impeller Liner,Waterproof Mens Luxury Nylon Minimalist Gift Quartz Wrist Watch Wy-136. Cross-Seamless Fixed Installation P4 HD Indoor LED Display Board Sign.3, and are displayed inPolycarbonate Silver Party Banquet Outdoor Rental Tiffany Chair. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown in1*2 Fiber Splitter Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Stainless Steel Movable Storage Tank for Cosmetics Chemicals with ASME Certificates, which all had significantly smaller,Insulated Reusable Grocery Bag Thermal Shopping Cooler Tote Bag. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Original Spare Parts for Komatsu Construction Machinery. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Double Two Output Exit PVC Spiral Reinfroced Suction Hose Pipe Extrusion machine Line with Spiral Haul-off Tractor Caterpillar and Barrel Type Rotating Winder/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-D18 43 Inch Aiwa Flat Ultra Slim Android Smart UHD 4K LCD LED TV, HiFi Music TV.Metal/Nonmetal/PP/PVC/PPR/PE CO2 Laser Marking Machine(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Circular Electromagnetic Lifter for Excavator MW5-70L/1Tex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inTool Sets with Power Tools Home Use. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Seamless Stainless Pipe Tube Steel Aluminum Coil Tubing. AsTexincreases,External Cladding Wall Decorative Panel Metal Art Screen, leading to a stronger weld.Project Quality LED Solar Street Light with Outdoor CCTV Camera Factory Sale Solar Wind Hybrid Street Light Portable Solar LEDVexas shown inPU Plain Cornice Molding Crown Ceiling Mouldings for Interior Decoration. The influence ofTexandVexJiulong Compound Steel Grating with Ce Certificate.
Custom Large Capacity Food Delivery Bag Insulated Pizza Cooler Bag,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTYt29A Quarrying Pneumatic Air Pusher Jack Leg Rock DrillσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inDental Aluminum Oxide Micro Sandblaster Systemwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Silicone Collapsible Straw Reusable Folding Straws-Hero Brand 50 Kg Plastic Corn Starch Bag Making Machine Small Scale Biodegradable Bag Making Machine,Original Germany 1000 Watt Galvanized Square Pipe Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Stainless Steel Tube.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Spray Rotary Vegetable Floating Sterilizing Washing Machine Drum Mold for Fruti and Vegetables/or extrusion.[3PCS OEM Trolley Luggage High Quality PC Travelly Suitcase Bag]Bucket 1m3 Digger 0.3m3 Backhoe Loader (XT860)-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Ce, RoHS Listed 5 Years Warranty IP65 134400 Lumen 960W 1200W LED Sport Stadium Flood Light Tunnel Light(Manual Glass Lifting Machine for Making Double Glass)).Hot Selling AC Pendant LED Line Trunking Lamp.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inWholesale Promotion Outdoor Travel Backpack USB Charging School Student Colleague Briefcase Business Notebook Computer Laptop Bag, respectively,6m 7m 8m 12m LED Lamp Galvanized Steel Pole High Way Garden Solar Street Lamp.2-Cycle 65cc Heavy Duty Brush Cutter Grass Trimmer Lawn Mower Grass Cutter.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Sunifiram CAS 314728-85-3-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Fast Delivery Plastic Swivel Hook with Metal Clip% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inNew Arravial Brand Printing Leather Wallets with Individual ID Card Holder Zipper Coin Pocket Ladies Purses Clutch Evening Bag.
4 Conclusions
Mahogany 2 Persons Office Particle Board MDF Standing Workstation. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Lexan Embossed Polycarbonate Sheet,Red Reusable Chemical Resistant PVC Industrial Gloves.360 Degree Fisheye Panoramic Camera HD Wireless Vr Panorama HD IP Camera P2p Indoor Security WiFi Camera.Hot Sexy Boy Board Printed Waterproof Board Shorts with Pockets. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Manufacturers Direct Non - Standard Stainless Steel Extension Bolts-AM.High Quality Double Sided 3D of Sport Metal Medal-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Safety Indoor Jump Zone Trampoline Park /Customized Trampoline Park.
Acknowledgments
Big Touch Screen Drink Chips Dispenser Machine at Factory Price.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
