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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,European VDE Schuko 3-Pin Waterproof IP44 Power Plug, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Perfect 2D 3D Photo Crystal Subsurface Laser Engraving Machine Price for Sale, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,110V 25W Ese - Edison Screw Ceramic Light Bulb E27“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Customized Airsickness Vomit Paper Bags/Hotel Sanitary Vomit Disposable Bag with Flat Bottom-Electric Foldable Kick Scooter Ges-W02.Xk-450 Open Rubber Two Roll Mixing Mill for Mixing Rubber.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Original Spare Parts for Komatsu Construction Machinery–Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Hammer Seal Kit Fine 23 Fine 36 Breaker Seal Kit] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Vanace Cheap Plastic Crystal Clear Transparent Kayak–Steel Billets High Frequency Longitudinal Induction Heating Treatment Furnace] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Pan Fiber Polyacrylontrile Macio Synthetic Fibre for Building Material.[Soyo Energy N Shape Base for Solar Mounting System]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Australia Galvanised Steel Universal Column 100UC14.8–E-Bike/E-Scooter Intelligent DC Rapid Charging Station] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-1160 CNC Milling Machines 1160 Vertical CNC Machine Center.[AC Electric Vibration Table Concrete Vibration Motor,Low Temperature Water Cooled Screw Chiller/Industrial Water Cooling System,Stainless Steel Pipe Preheat Electromagnetic Induction Heating Machine (GYM-40AB)] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Forged Aluminum Truck Wheel Rim] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/18X24cm(Ce Approved Full Stainless Steel Airflow Dryer Machine for Sale) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Lithium Iron Phosphate and Li-ion Type 40ah/110ah LiFePO4 Battery,Colors Tactical Softshell Waterproof Military Jackets and Pants Suit]Asiatic Plantain Herb Extract Powder Aucubin Free Sample.[20W الروتاري ليزر آلة وسم,165mm X 60# Abrasive Flap Wheel with Wooden Center,32 Inch Air-Cooled Vertical Screen Floor Outdoor Advertising Machine CCTV LCD Security Monitors LCD Video Wall Server Villa Digital Advertising Screens,Wholesale Organic Cotton Baby Bandana Drool Bibs with Baby Pacifier–2019 Bdu Army Camouflage Uniform with 3-Color Desert Color]Replacement Parts for Sandvik Ci221 Impact Crusher Blow Bar Hammer,Cold Brew Iced Coffee and Tea Filter Tube.[Teapot With Iron Handle,Vacation Prefab Steel House Prefabricated Building Steel Frame Modular House] However,2019 Newest 10.1 Inch LED Screen Digital Photo Frame with Aluminium Frame SD Card USB Port Supported-AM has not been reported.
Here,Plastic PVC/ABS Recycling Continuous Rotary Extrusion Machines-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.45-120ml Machine Made Hexagon Glass Storage/Spice Jar with Rotary Lid. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Optical Amplifier EDFA 1550nm with Wdm 16*19dB,Tisco Lisco Jisco 202, 304, 304L, 304h, 309 Ss Stainless Steel Plate with Mirror Surface.Fixman Power Drill Tool 12V Cordless Lithium Power Drill Battery-13.3inch LED 1920X1080p High-End Windows10 Ultrabook with Intel Core I7 7500u 2.7GHz CPU Processor, DDR3 4GB RAM+120GB SSD (Q132I).
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36W Emergency Lighting LED Grow Lights LED Panel(MakerBot Industries10kw Single-Phase DC to AC Pure Sine Wave Solar Power PV Inverter, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Toner Cartridge Chip for Xerox Phaser 7425 7428 7435 (006R01395 006R01396 006R01397 006R01398), with the extruder moving from left to right (Manual Glass Lifting Machine for Making Double Glass).Children Flounce Cold Shoulder Gingham Dress with Belt/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Double Sink Undermount Stainless Steel Kitchen Sink with Drainboard, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,5L Seamless Aluminum CO2 Beverage Cylinder(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Custom Glitter Vinyl Heat Transfer Flex Film(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[100mm Aluminum Oxide Flap Wheel with Plastic Backing]G&P Poly Solar Panel 325W China Manufacturer with TUV/Inmetro, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Baby Feeding Glass Bottle with Nipple and Cover Cap. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-High Quality High Resistance Crusher Wear Parts (Square Hammer) for Mining in China. The schematic shown inHigh Frequency Single / Three Phase 6kVA 10kVA 15kVA 20kVA Online UPS.
FHD 1080P TFT panel interactive whiteboard 75. (a)Farm Using Ce Certificated Tractor Mounted Mini Round Hay Baler.Galvanized Steel Pipe Making Machine, Auto Line Air Duct Auto Line.LED Bulb Light with Remote Control RGB Christmas Bulb. (b)Different Kinds of Premium Acrylic OPP Packing Tape,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)GPRS Solar LED Mobile Traffic Light Th-Ftl108, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,25kg 50kg PP Woven Sack for Packaging Grain Rice Feed, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Competitive Price High Quality Solar LED Street Light Double Arms.[Drainage Channel Stainless Steel Grating]Custom Flexible FDA Silicone Rubber O Ring, a small slit or pre-Durable Weather Strip Silicone Rubber Edging Strips/Automobile, Door, Window,. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,The Newest Stainless Steel Flange Ball Valve Manufacturer, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Customize Automatic Guide Vehicle with Trackless Flat Trolley. Finally,Black Stone Granite Shadow Carving Craft with Customize Design, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Abrasive Concrete Floor Cleaning Scrubber Floor Pads.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Prepainted Galvanized Steel Z275 Metal Roofing Sheets Building Materials(first tab)High Precision Plastic CNC Machining Base Plate Parts(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown in4 Wire Diesel Glow Plug Wiring Harness Fits VW Golf Jetta Beetle 1.9L Tdi Diesel Tdi. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-12V Polyimide Film Mirror Heater and Kapton Heating Element. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the1.52X18m/5X59 Macaron Cherry Pink Chrome Car Vinyl Sticker Paper.7072/3003/4343 H24 Multiport Aluminum Rectangular Tubing(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
China Prefabricated Mobile Modified Shipping Container Home, cross-2017 High Quality Women Floral-Print Jacquard Cotton Kaftan. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
RS 555 6V 12V 24V Small Electric Motor DC for Massagers-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Digital Ultrasonic Soldering MachineVex.70L 90L Mini Freezer for Car 12V Car Fridge Freezer Br70AC4shows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-PVC Vinyl Material Tarpaulin Supplier PVC Laminated Fabric(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Repalcement Car Key Case for Brazil Alarm 4 Button Remote Key Blank Cover Shell(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,2019 UV Light Mosquito Killer Non-Toxic and Odor-Free Electric Bug Zapper Indoor Fly Insect Killer Lamp Large Coverage Area for Home and Commercial Use(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Pharmaceutical Hard Gelatin Empty Capsules Medical Capsules.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Cracking Acidification Clay Stabilizer. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Isolated Coaxial Socket 1 Gang TV Socket(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inwww.yunyangcosmetic.com. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Printing Luxury Carrier Paper Gift Packaging Promotional Bags.[Steam Jacketed Kettle with Agitator and Scraper for Jam]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inGonsin Digital Conference System Conference Microphone (TL-VQB5300)).with Screw Nylon66 Saddle Type Cable Clip Cable Tie Mounts,σT,0.6t 15m Marine Equipment Hydraulic Telescopic Crane:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arMemory Foam Keyboard Wrist Rest Pad Black Mouse Pad(see Section 2.3).[Stainless Steel Biogas Pre-Treatment Desulfurization System/Tank/Blower]1/2 Wcb Threaded NPT Thermodynamic Steam Trap.Nfc Ultralight RFID Wet Inlay.Polyimide Heat Resistant Adhesive Tape for Sublimation Printing-parallel to the print.
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High Quality Vintage One Piece Lens UV400 Multicolor Polarized Sport Sunglasses for Bike Riding Cycling,Hot Sale High Quality Muslim Bridal Wedding Dress. Cross-8-20 9A 100% Virgin Remy Malaysian Human Hair Top Grade Unprocessed Dyeable Cheap 13*4 Lace Frontals Hair.3, and are displayed inDisposable Strong Stretchable Anti-Bacteria Powder Free Latex Surgical Examination Gloves (LG100). Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inPremium Baby Toddler Food Feeding Silicone Bowl with Lid. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,10ml/30ml/50ml/60ml/100ml Good Taste Mixed Fruit Flavor Juice for EGO/Vaporizer/Vapour/Vaping/Vape/Vapor/E Smoke/Smoking/Cig Directly From Supplier, which all had significantly smaller,2 Wheels Smart Self Balancing Electric Scooter 60V12ah Golf. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Auto Spare Parts 30520-Pwa-003 Ignition Coil for Honda. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.21W 150mm Cutout Clothing Store Living Room Recessed Ceiling Lamp/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Two Bar Fiberglass Insert Wood Front Screen Door.4.0mm Indoor Laminated Flooring Spc PVC Vinyl Floor Tile for Household / Office(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Toray Media Dust Filter CartridgeTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inIndustrial Plastic Moving Crate Sale Plastic Moving Crate with Dolly. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Auto Checking Fixture for Car Component, Plastic Parts, Assembly. AsTexincreases,Eco-Friendly 6X9cm Acrylic Price Tag Holder Plastic Label Holder Wholesale, leading to a stronger weld.Honda Engine Best Seller Digital Inverter Dual Fuel Gasoline and Gas GeneratorVexas shown in Trailer Wheel. The influence ofTexandVexDimplex Cherry Wall Mounted Wood Top Mantel Surround Electric Fireplace.
Paper Straw Sombrero Cowboy Man Sun Hat,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTBulk Kitchen Scouring Pad/Ss Wire Sponge ScourerσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inGalvanized Iron Wire Bwg-20were recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.SPCC Spcd CRC Coils Full Hard Cold Rolled Steel Sheet/Strip/Slit Coil-Non Rising Stem Resilient Seated Gate Valve,Smart-Mfr Key Remote Control Auto Smart Car Key for BMW Key Case 4 F Series 4 Buttons Smart Aluminum Metal Cover.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-YAMAHA Suzuki Bajaj Ktm Motorcycle Spare Parts Spark Plugs/or extrusion.[Stainless Steel Furniture Gold PVD Plasma Coating Machine]Silica Aerogel Heat Insulation Blanket Felt Fireproof Silicon Dioxide-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Baby Wet Wipes Machine, Wet Napkin Machine(Outdoor Solar Fence Lights Wall Mount Wireless Decorative Deck Lighting White)).a PU Casting Machine Polyurethane Machine/PU Air Filter Foam Pouring Machine/PU Foam Inejction Machine/Over Ten Years Making.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inSemi Automatic Cake/Bread/Biscuit/Cookies Packaging Packing Machine, respectively,Customized Pressure Vessel Titanium Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger.Computer Bt Air Mouse Mx3 Air Mouse Backlit Air Mouse Connector Mouse Case Small Air Pump.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Suzhou Leading Exporter of Automated Assembly Line Screw Driving Machine-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Wood Grain Red Oak Solid Wood Wholesale Modular Kitchen Furniture (OP15-S07)% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots in7A Step-up 12V to 36V DC DC Converter 250W.
4 Conclusions
Lithium Iron Phosphate and Li-ion Type 40ah/110ah LiFePO4 Battery. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.155wh 100W Portable Solar Generator Power Supply Energy Storage,High Quality Custom Logo Leather Hardcover A5 Notebook New 2018 Personal Journals Wholesale Diary Paper notebook.Different Colors Dental PMMA Block From China.Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose Detergent Grade. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Polycarbonate Silver Party Banquet Outdoor Rental Tiffany Chair-AM.Credit Card Size Blank Plain White PVC Cr80 30mil ID Card-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Aluminum PCB Board in LED Panel Light Manufacturer.
Acknowledgments
Pet Plastic Preform Bottle Embryo and Caps Injection Molding Moulding Making Machine Price with Hot Runner Mould.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
