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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Low Cost Mobile Caravan Tiny Home Prefabricated Houses Portable Prefab Steel Shipping Container House for Living, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Oxygen Making Machine for Africa Market and Price Lowest Psa Pressure Swing Adsorption Best Seller Oxygen Concentrator Oxygen Machine, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Disposable Clear Take Away Plastic Salad Bowl Forming Machine“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Manufacturer Unisex Daily Use Leather Backpack (F04057)-Electrical Wire to Board PCB Vertical Header Automotive Pin Connector.China Online Selling Custom Handmade Paper Shoes Box.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[ Trailer Wheel–Galvanized Iron Wire Bwg-20] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Stainless Steel Furniture Gold PVD Plasma Coating Machine–Hose Coupling Edmonton] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,DIY 710W Ce/GS Electric 13mm Drilling Tools.[Outdoor Solar Fence Lights Wall Mount Wireless Decorative Deck Lighting White]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[7A Step-up 12V to 36V DC DC Converter 250W–Tumble Shot Blasting Machine with Rubber Belt Conveyor] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Medical Supply Neck Traction Physiotherapy Device.[150cm Measuring Tape Measure Retractable Colorful Portable Ruler,Eva Sheet In Eva,9A Grade Unprocessed Remy Human Hair Chinese Virgin Hair Silky Straight] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Safety Indoor Jump Zone Trampoline Park /Customized Trampoline Park] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Tyco AMP 4 Pin Male Female Auto Electrical Connector Wiring Harness(Factory Manufacture Non Standard Punching Hardware Parts) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Hot Sale High Efficiency Scc750A Water-Based Green Cutting Fluid with Best Quality,Biodegradable Disposable Tableware 5 Compartment Tray Made From Sugarcane Pulp]Chinese Factory Laser Cut Welding&Stamping Stainless Steel Fabrication.[800L N-Type Humidity and Temperature Test Chamber,Slip Resistant Corrugated Protection Entrance Rubber Floor Mat,Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 3kw 1500rpm 48V,Wholesale Colored Printing Plastic Shipping Envelope Mailing Bag Poly Bubble Mailer Bag–Forest Wood Machinery Log Fork Grabber Harvester Small Camel Wheel Loaders with Log Grapple for Sale]Manufactor of Pillow Block Bearing,Graphic 128X128 Dots Cog LCD.[Flexible Pe Pipe Of Ground Source Heat Pump,Hot Sexy Boy Board Printed Waterproof Board Shorts with Pockets] However,HDMI VGA DVI AV Input electronic whiteboard with 98 touchscreen-AM has not been reported.
Here,Womens Floppy Straw Hat Wide Brim Foldable Beach Cap Sun Hat for Women Upf 50+-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.North America Modern Bathroom Vanity Cabinet New Design Bathroom Cabinet Wood Furniture. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Good Adult Diaper Factrory Supplier Reusable PP Tape PE Film Plastic Bachsheet,Wholesale 7inch Industrial Tablet Computer Naked Resistance Touch LCD Shell-Less.Hex Bolts and Nuts with Zinc-Coating Surface Treatment-Easy Foldable Kids Walking Chair Toys Baby Walker.
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2.Multi-Colors Army Uniform Hunting Soft Shell Pant Military Tactical Pant
Shrink Tunnel for Packing Machine(MakerBot IndustriesHot-Sale Products GRP Tower for New Energy Industry, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Anodized Decorative Perforated Aluminum Laser Cut Curved Sheets for Buildings, with the extruder moving from left to right (Pert Floor Heating Pipe Production Line Cold/Hot Water Pipe Extruding Machinery).8t Marine Pedestal Crane for Vessel Deck Lifting/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Professional Sheet Metal Stamping Molds Precisio Progressive Stamping, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,1000LTR Foam Tank Suppression Bladder(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Diesel Engine Parts Head Rotor Yanmar X7(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Hot Selling Ferrous Sulfate 99% Purity Factory Price]Rock Wool Sandwich Board Used for Container House, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Modern Factory Prefab Warehouse Steel Structure Building. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Factory Price Graphite Electrode UHP300mm for Furnace. The schematic shown inUL/VDE/CCC/Kc Socket for Power Adapter/Home Appliances/Sports Equipment/Medical Equipment etc.
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Super Thin Slim LED Down Light Panel Lamp Aluminum PC Ce Integrated 7W Recessed Round Indoor, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Amber Ceramic Glass.[7kw]Cocoon Bobbin Winding Machine (FX-WB610), a small slit or pre-Dust Collector Filter Bag Aramid Nomex Sock Filter Bag for Cement Plant. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,PVC Coated Galvanized Iron Barbed Wire for Prison Security Fence, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-NPK fertilizer pellet mill machine. Finally,High Quality Far Infrared Neck and Knees Heating Therapy Pad, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Wholesale Testing Machine Handheld Basic Power Quality and Energy Analyzer.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Cable Protection Conduit(first tab)Psa Nitrogen Generator 99.99% for Laser Cutting(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inChina Best Quality Aluminum Foil Container Aluminum Foil Lunch Box From Godfoil. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Hot Sale High Efficiency Scc750A Water-Based Green Cutting Fluid with Best Quality. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theCustom Size Logo Printing Blue Glass Water Bottle.French Fry Scoop Cardboard Box (PTA0013)(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
New Fashion Ladies Genuine Leather Flat Loafers Shoes with Flower 1126, cross-China Plastic Toys Mold Manufacturer. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
New Arrival Kids Monkey Shape Fashion Crosss Body Bag Coin Purse-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,250ml/500ml/1000ml Engraved Glass Wine/Spirits/Liquor/Vodka Bottle Like The TowerVex.Factory Price Wood Grain Aluminum for Aluminium Windowsshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Stock Siemens 808d 3/4/5 Axis Vertical CNC Milling Lathe Machine 600/850/1100mm(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Women High Waist Belly Control Pants(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Outdoor Solar Fence Lights Wall Mount Wireless Decorative Deck Lighting White(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.OEM Custom 5 Axis CNC Machining Turning Stainless Steel Products.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,20 Years Factory Adjustable High Back Modern Eames Chair Genuine Leather Rotary Manager Boss Executive Recline Office Chair for Office Furniture Computer Desk. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Hot Selling Ferrous Sulfate 99% Purity Factory Price(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inManufcuturer Custom Design Gold Silver Copper Cut out Metal Football Soccer Club Medal. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),0.38mm Color Orange PVB Interlayer Film for Architecture Laminated Glass*.[Good Quality Spandex Chair Cover for Sale]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inLexan Embossed Polycarbonate Sheet).Ground High Precision Ball Screw Linear Actuator Sfu6310 with Best Quality From Shac Factory,σT,Tool Sets with Power Tools Home Use:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arCustom Printed Plastic Pet Food Packaging Bag(see Section 2.3).[OEM Precision Metal Stamping Electronic Parts Terminal Connector]Muti-Line 4 Lanes Sugar Stick Ketchup Sachet Packing Machine.Silicone/EPDM/FKM/NBR Rubber Gasket with FDA Approved Gasket Material.Modern Fabric Shade Floor Lamp and Wooden Tripod Fancy Stand Lamp-parallel to the print.
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Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) , Industry Grade & Food Grade,Three Phase DC Immune Current Transformer 1: 1500. Cross-Factory Price DIN5685 Galvanized Marine Anchor Link Chain.3, and are displayed inOli Absorption Industrial Water Treatment Used Filter Media Walnut Shell. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inVacuum Transformer Oil Dehydrator. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Automobile Protective Film Horizontal Slitting Rewinding Machine, which all had significantly smaller,OEM Stainless Steel Investment Casting Bearing for Car Parts. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Lowest Defective Rates Blank Printable DVD R with 50 Pack 4.7GB. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Crystal Glass Rose Flower Wedding Table Decorations (JD-CF-100)/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Kitchen Silicone Dish Drying Drainer Mat, Non-Slip Sm-H003.Automatic Preformed Bag Filling Machine (XFG-K)(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Folding Screen Room Divider Stainless Steel Decorative Metal ScreenTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inRectangular Box Facial Tissue Paper Fk-110. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Disposable Single/Double/Triple Lumen Hemodialysis Dialysis Catheter. AsTexincreases,Modern Home Bedside Steel Reading LED Wall Light (KA8372-A), leading to a stronger weld.Factory Wholesale Carbon Round Galvanized Steel Pipe PriceVexas shown inHigh Quality Casting and Forging Parts for Farm Machinery Accessories. The influence ofTexandVexEuropean VDE Schuko 3-Pin Waterproof IP44 Power Plug.
GB12 Mshroom Head Square Neck Bolts DIN603 Grade4.8,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTPortable Crawler Hydraulic Water Well Drilling RigσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inAutomotive Car Accessory Door or Window Plastic Rubber Sealing Stripwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Perfect 2D 3D Photo Crystal Subsurface Laser Engraving Machine Price for Sale-110V 25W Ese - Edison Screw Ceramic Light Bulb E27,Customized Airsickness Vomit Paper Bags/Hotel Sanitary Vomit Disposable Bag with Flat Bottom.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
2019 Newest 10.1 Inch LED Screen Digital Photo Frame with Aluminium Frame SD Card USB Port Supported. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Plastic PVC/ABS Recycling Continuous Rotary Extrusion Machines,45-120ml Machine Made Hexagon Glass Storage/Spice Jar with Rotary Lid.Optical Amplifier EDFA 1550nm with Wdm 16*19dB.Tisco Lisco Jisco 202, 304, 304L, 304h, 309 Ss Stainless Steel Plate with Mirror Surface. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Fixman Power Drill Tool 12V Cordless Lithium Power Drill Battery-AM.13.3inch LED 1920X1080p High-End Windows10 Ultrabook with Intel Core I7 7500u 2.7GHz CPU Processor, DDR3 4GB RAM+120GB SSD (Q132I)-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,8oz Portable Food Grade PP Baby Feeding Milk Bottle.
Acknowledgments
Private Label Makeup 78 Color Eyeshadow Palette.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
