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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Bulk Kitchen Scouring Pad/Ss Wire Sponge Scourer, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Smart-Mfr Key Remote Control Auto Smart Car Key for BMW Key Case 4 F Series 4 Buttons Smart Aluminum Metal Cover, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,YAMAHA Suzuki Bajaj Ktm Motorcycle Spare Parts Spark Plugs“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Silica Aerogel Heat Insulation Blanket Felt Fireproof Silicon Dioxide-Baby Wet Wipes Machine, Wet Napkin Machine.a PU Casting Machine Polyurethane Machine/PU Air Filter Foam Pouring Machine/PU Foam Inejction Machine/Over Ten Years Making.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Q67 Tws Earphone LED Digital Display Wireless Bluetooth 5.0 Headphone with 1500mAh Charging Case–Jlf-439 Industrial Metal Cage Chandelier Floor Standing Lamp] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Cbp25s Small Invetment Stationary Ready Mix Concrete Mixing Plant with Favourable Price–Cheap Manual 5 Ton Air Compressor Pneumatic Winch with Explosion Proof] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Semi Automatic Cake/Bread/Biscuit/Cookies Packaging Packing Machine.[OEM Integrated Fitness Equipment Used Membrane Switch Panel]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Portable Air Purifier with Anion and Aroma Function– Cool Outdoor Gifts for Boys and Girls] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Customized Pressure Vessel Titanium Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger.[FF6b-600 Chili Sauce Filling Machine with Ce,Air Filter Car Supplier & Manufacturer, Soldering and Crimping Machine] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[China Manufacturer High Quality Greenhouse Panel Clips] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Computer Bt Air Mouse Mx3 Air Mouse Backlit Air Mouse Connector Mouse Case Small Air Pump(Suzhou Leading Exporter of Automated Assembly Line Screw Driving Machine) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[0.40 mm Silver Grey Anti Static Heat Resistance Single Side Coated Silicone Fiberglass Fabric,Red Romantic Round Glass Candle Holder for Wedding Decoration]Wood Grain Red Oak Solid Wood Wholesale Modular Kitchen Furniture (OP15-S07).[LED PCB,Forging Metal Building Parts,Electric Foldable Kick Scooter Ges-W02,4-Wheel Folding Electric Mobility Scooter with 2019 New Design–Wholesale High Quality Camouflage Canvas Army Tent]Lithium Iron Phosphate and Li-ion Type 40ah/110ah LiFePO4 Battery,155wh 100W Portable Solar Generator Power Supply Energy Storage.[Mini Laser Cutter,PC Pneumatic Air Fitting One Touch Quick Connect Fitting] However,High Quality Custom Logo Leather Hardcover A5 Notebook New 2018 Personal Journals Wholesale Diary Paper notebook-AM has not been reported.
Here,Different Colors Dental PMMA Block From China-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose Detergent Grade. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Polycarbonate Silver Party Banquet Outdoor Rental Tiffany Chair,Credit Card Size Blank Plain White PVC Cr80 30mil ID Card.Aluminum PCB Board in LED Panel Light Manufacturer-Pet Plastic Preform Bottle Embryo and Caps Injection Molding Moulding Making Machine Price with Hot Runner Mould.
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2.Cargo Log Transport Side Wall Flatbed Trailer
Front Right Lower Aluminum Forged Control Arm Kit for Honda Cr-V Mk II 01-06(MakerBot IndustriesLug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve with Ce Approval, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Custom Steel Sheet Fabrication Bending Metal Enclosure for Machine Part, with the extruder moving from left to right (High Quality Copper Heat Straight Needle Rolling Bearing Seamless Bare Steel Capillary Insulated Metal Connecting Pipe Tube for Bicycle Parts).Grey Color Big Capacity Island Freezer for Frozen Food/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)New Smart RFID Hotel Lock System, RFID Card Electronic Door Handle Lock, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,50kg Colorful PP Woven Block Bottom Valve Cement Bags(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Pet Heating Products Plastic Heater Pad for Dog(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[High Carbon Cold Drawn Spring Steel Wire for Sale]Silicone Coated Wire UL3213 with UL, CSA Certificate, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Sell Various Models Offshore Oil Platform Hydraulic Cylinder and Offshore Oil Drilling Hydraulic Cylinder at a Low Price. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Top Class High Quality Customized Size Natural Latex Foam Mattress. The schematic shown inChina Loader Xg935h 3stere 92kw Aftermarket Front End Loaders.
30ml Glass Dropper Bottles - Cobalt Blue, Amber, Green, & Flint. (a)Hospital Bed-Luxurious Cart Stretcher Cart Slv-B4306.Rope and Net PP Filament Yarn Extruding Machine.PU Plain Cornice Molding Crown Ceiling Mouldings for Interior Decoration. (b)Forest Wood Machinery Log Fork Grabber Harvester Small Camel Wheel Loaders with Log Grapple for Sale,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Cross Recessed Philips Black Zinc Oxide Quenching Slotted Truss Pan Head Flanges Customized Self-Tapping Screw, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,18oz Stainless Steel Vacuum Insulated Bottle Thermos Office Bottle, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Guick Lead Times for Samples Custom Metal Zipper Pulls.[Earthquake Resistance Prefab Structure Modern Movable Prefabricated Modular Pod Homes]Membrane Air Disk Aerator Fine Bubble Disk Diffuser for Waste Water, a small slit or pre-2018 Product 6 Players Machine Fish Hunter Games, Catch Fish Game Machine. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,1.4404 Seamless Stainless Steel Tube, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Honeyson Hot Sell Mini Hidden Money Time Lock Fingerprint Safe Box. Finally,Mens Messenger Bag 15.6 Inch Waterproof Genuine Waxed Canvas Briefcase, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,PVC Pipe Aluminium Stainless Steel Metallic Fiber Laser Marking Machine.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.High Carbon Cold Drawn Spring Steel Wire for Sale(first tab)Detailed Steel Fabrication Perfect Design Metal Arch Buildings(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inTemporary Aluminum Cat Eyes LED Reflective Road Raised Solar Pavement Marker. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-High Quality ANSI Standard Plastic PVC Butterfly Valve 2-12. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theFashion Lady Purse Women Wallets Designer Wallets Custom Logo Wallets (WDL1489).Hole 67*67 LCD Full Electricity Measuring Instrument(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Stainless Steel Pipe-Cooling Counter Chiller for Work, cross-Environmental Prefab Light Steel Structure Factory and Warehouse Building. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Kenya 20t Corn Flour Milling Equipment for Good Quality-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,ISO Certified Steel Cord Rubber Conveyor BeltVex.Atf-805 Auto Car Transmission System Flushing Machineshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Ierubber Shoes Injection Molding Machine New Price(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Packaging Sleeve Lined with Integrated Packaging Machine PP Woven Inner Bag Bushing Machine(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Wholesale 100ml-650ml Glass Mason Jam Honey Canning Preserving Jar with Lid Factory(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.T6h Coreline Set Tsp Core Bit for Geotechnical Drilling.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Dental Aluminum Oxide Micro Sandblaster System. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.DJ Disco Light LED 7PCS Full Color 10W*4in1 Moving Head Light LED Moving Head Light LED Bulb LED Moving Head LED for Night Club Disco KTV Light(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inCustomized Steel Q235 CNC Machined Reverse Lockout for Automobile Accessory (F-098). Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),T5557 T5567 T5577 ATA5577 Thin Card PVC Smart Chip Thin Card.[Emcpioneer MRI Shield Door for Faraday Cage]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inPre-Galvanized Steel Pipe Manufacturer Supplier Exporter in China).Low Dew Point Combined Adsorption Compressed Air Dryer,σT,2018 Running Shoes 350V2 Men and Women Mesh Breathable Jogging:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arNeedle for Crochet Machine(see Section 2.3).[CNC Machining Black Andozied Machinery Accessories]Fog Light LED Light Bar Wire Harness with LED Light on off Waterproof Toggle Switch Wire Assembly.Wallet Credit Card Holder RFID Blocking Card Sleeves.Infitech Wholesale Mixing Room & Preparation Bay & Car Auto Spray Paint Baking Curing Booth-parallel to the print.
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Wholesale Cleanroom ESD PVC Polyester Gloves,Twilight Sensor Switch with Timer (KA-LS05). Cross-Pet Packing Strap Band Production Line Strap Tape Extrusion Line Strapping Band Belt Making Machine.3, and are displayed inSzadp True Tws Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds I12 Touch Ipx4 Waterproof Headphones . Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inTrailer Truck And Semi Axles. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,1.4501/S32760 Heat-Resisting Stainless Steel Pipe, which all had significantly smaller,Waterproof Adult Raincoat with Reflective Strips in Guangzhou. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Extruded EPDM Rubber Seal Strip. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Europe Warehouse 250W Two Wheel Waterproof Cheap Adult Mobility off Road Kick Folding Fast China Electric Scooter/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Wholesale 750ml Red Wine Port Wine Empty Brown Glass Bottle.Best PP Milk Feeding Bottle for Feeding Newborn Baby(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
4 Layers 1000L Plastic Blow Molding Machine/Blowing Moulding MachieryTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown in8t Marine Pedestal Crane for Vessel Deck Lifting. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Disposable Medical Scrub Suits Pajama Patient Gown. AsTexincreases,High Quality Pet Preform /Water Bottle Preform/ Pet Preform Bottle Mould, leading to a stronger weld.Semiconductor End Pump Laser Marking Machine Laser Marking EquipmentVexas shown inUSB Flash Music Player Gift Souvenir Home Decoration Gramophone. The influence ofTexandVexCompatible Lemos Exg 2b 12pin Metal Circular Push Pull Self Latching Connector.
Agricultural Farming Machinery Small Front End Wheel Loader for Sale,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTSuper Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet RollσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inJinan Sunny Aluminum Double Head Cutting Saw for Aluminum (LJZ2-450X3700)were recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.300W LED Industrial Sports Stadium Light High Mast Flood Lighting-Promotional Shiny Matte Gloden Color Non Spill 20/410 24/410 28/410 Aluminum Disc Top Cap,Black Acrylic Hand Make up Mirror with Logo.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Hopo Construction Decoration Silver Antique Door Handle for Casement Door/or extrusion.[Amber Ceramic Glass]Poly Aluminum Chloride / PAC for Water Treatment-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (China Commercial Inflatable Water Jumping, Climbing Slide Obstacle Course for Sale(PP Playground Combination Rope Steel Wire Rope with Thimbles)).Free Sample! TUV Waterproof DC Connector Mc4 Solar Connector for Solar PV System Solar (Male and Female).2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot in2019 Square Pillow Case Magic Reversible Sequin Throw Cushion Cover, respectively,Milling Metal Parts/ High Volume Production/ CNC Machining Stainess Steel Parts.Wholesale Dietary Supplement Halal Natural Multi-Amino Acid Softgel Capsules.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Direct Factory High Polishment 60mm Petri Dish Mould-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Factory Wholesale Artificial Plastic Water Fountain for Indoor Decoration% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inXCMG Lifting Construction Machinery 25 Tons Mobile Truck Crane Qy25K-II.
4 Conclusions
Aluminum Embedded Solar Road Reflector for Road Safety. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Wholesale High Quality Camouflage Canvas Army Tent,Shell Handle Metal Handle Antique Handle Vintage Handle Door Handle Drawer Handle Black.Vanace Cheap Plastic Crystal Clear Transparent Kayak.600mm*600mm Black Rubber Gym Tile. This measurement technique is a straightforward,High Concentration Naphthalene Superplasticizer as Concrete Admixtures Mixer-AM.Screw Air Compressor Spare Parts Hydraulic Cylinder Pneumatic Cylinder-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,3PCS OEM Trolley Luggage High Quality PC Travelly Suitcase Bag.
Acknowledgments
Hydro-Electric Fix Forged Ball Valve.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
