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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,8oz Portable Food Grade PP Baby Feeding Milk Bottle, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Toner Cartridge Chip for Xerox Phaser 7425 7428 7435 (006R01395 006R01396 006R01397 006R01398), the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Manual Glass Lifting Machine for Making Double Glass“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Children Flounce Cold Shoulder Gingham Dress with Belt-Double Sink Undermount Stainless Steel Kitchen Sink with Drainboard.5L Seamless Aluminum CO2 Beverage Cylinder.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[2/3 Axle 45000 Fueltanker/Diesel/Oil/Petrol/Utility Tanker/Tank Truck Tractor Semi Trailer–Swimsuit Top and Pants Lycra Rash Guard for Men] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[ Bathroom Cabinets From Manufacturer–m.antpackaging.com] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Custom Glitter Vinyl Heat Transfer Flex Film.[Hardware Accessory Furniture Steel Round Corner Door Hinge]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Crystal Glass Rose Flower Wedding Table Decorations (JD-CF-100)–Rope and Net PP Filament Yarn Extruding Machine] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-G&P Poly Solar Panel 325W China Manufacturer with TUV/Inmetro.[15ml Square Glass Roll on Bottle,Pse Power Cords, 6 hrs Music Time] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[5MP 12.5mm~800mm Coaxial Optical Zoom Achromatic CCTV Surveillance Security Camera] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Baby Feeding Glass Bottle with Nipple and Cover Cap(High Quality High Resistance Crusher Wear Parts (Square Hammer) for Mining in China) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[2018 Large Span H Beam and Columns Steel Structure Building,North America Modern Bathroom Vanity Cabinet New Design Bathroom Cabinet Wood Furniture]High Frequency Single / Three Phase 6kVA 10kVA 15kVA 20kVA Online UPS.[Hydroponic Rockwool,Packing Grade 9/12/18mm Bintangor/Pine/Birch Commercial Plywood for Furniture and Decoration,Bridge Moving Double Girder Movable Railway Engineering Construction Gantry Crane,Cheap Price Easy Install H Steel Column– DIN]FHD 1080P TFT panel interactive whiteboard 75,Farm Using Ce Certificated Tractor Mounted Mini Round Hay Baler.[Lamian Noodles,Suzhou Leading Exporter of Automated Assembly Line Screw Driving Machine] However,Galvanized Steel Pipe Making Machine, Auto Line Air Duct Auto Line-AM has not been reported.
Here,LED Bulb Light with Remote Control RGB Christmas Bulb-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Different Kinds of Premium Acrylic OPP Packing Tape. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,GPRS Solar LED Mobile Traffic Light Th-Ftl108,25kg 50kg PP Woven Sack for Packaging Grain Rice Feed.Competitive Price High Quality Solar LED Street Light Double Arms-Custom Flexible FDA Silicone Rubber O Ring.
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2.The Newest Stainless Steel Flange Ball Valve Manufacturer
Customize Automatic Guide Vehicle with Trackless Flat Trolley(MakerBot IndustriesHigh Quality Ductile Gray Cast Iron Sand Casting, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Black Stone Granite Shadow Carving Craft with Customize Design, with the extruder moving from left to right (Abrasive Concrete Floor Cleaning Scrubber Floor Pads).Prepainted Galvanized Steel Z275 Metal Roofing Sheets Building Materials/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)High Precision Plastic CNC Machining Base Plate Parts, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,12V Polyimide Film Mirror Heater and Kapton Heating Element(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-7072/3003/4343 H24 Multiport Aluminum Rectangular Tubing(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[10t Industrial RO Purification System Salt Water Treatment]China Prefabricated Mobile Modified Shipping Container Home, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)2017 High Quality Women Floral-Print Jacquard Cotton Kaftan. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-RS 555 6V 12V 24V Small Electric Motor DC for Massagers. The schematic shown inDigital Ultrasonic Soldering Machine.
PVC Vinyl Material Tarpaulin Supplier PVC Laminated Fabric. (a)Repalcement Car Key Case for Brazil Alarm 4 Button Remote Key Blank Cover Shell.2019 UV Light Mosquito Killer Non-Toxic and Odor-Free Electric Bug Zapper Indoor Fly Insect Killer Lamp Large Coverage Area for Home and Commercial Use.Pharmaceutical Hard Gelatin Empty Capsules Medical Capsules. (b)Cracking Acidification Clay Stabilizer,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Isolated Coaxial Socket 1 Gang TV Socket, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Printing Luxury Carrier Paper Gift Packaging Promotional Bags, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-with Screw Nylon66 Saddle Type Cable Clip Cable Tie Mounts.[For Sale Cuban Straw Hat]0.6t 15m Marine Equipment Hydraulic Telescopic Crane, a small slit or pre-Memory Foam Keyboard Wrist Rest Pad Black Mouse Pad. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,1/2 Wcb Threaded NPT Thermodynamic Steam Trap, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Nfc Ultralight RFID Wet Inlay. Finally,Polyimide Heat Resistant Adhesive Tape for Sublimation Printing, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,New! A150-T40-P2-B 1 1/2 PVC UPVC Pph Motorized Valve with Manual Override.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.High Quality Vintage One Piece Lens UV400 Multicolor Polarized Sport Sunglasses for Bike Riding Cycling(first tab)Hot Sale High Quality Muslim Bridal Wedding Dress(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inFood Bag Packaging Machinery Factory. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-8-20 9A 100% Virgin Remy Malaysian Human Hair Top Grade Unprocessed Dyeable Cheap 13*4 Lace Frontals Hair. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the9012 4 Axis CNC Wood Machinery with Certified ISO9001 TUV BV SGS Ce for MDF Crafts.10ml/30ml/50ml/60ml/100ml Good Taste Mixed Fruit Flavor Juice for EGO/Vaporizer/Vapour/Vaping/Vape/Vapor/E Smoke/Smoking/Cig Directly From Supplier(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
2 Wheels Smart Self Balancing Electric Scooter 60V12ah Golf, cross-Auto Spare Parts 30520-Pwa-003 Ignition Coil for Honda. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
21W 150mm Cutout Clothing Store Living Room Recessed Ceiling Lamp-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Two Bar Fiberglass Insert Wood Front Screen DoorVex. Wet Napkin Machineshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-4.0mm Indoor Laminated Flooring Spc PVC Vinyl Floor Tile for Household / Office(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Toray Media Dust Filter Cartridge(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Auto Checking Fixture for Car Component, Plastic Parts, Assembly(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Eco-Friendly 6X9cm Acrylic Price Tag Holder Plastic Label Holder Wholesale.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Honda Engine Best Seller Digital Inverter Dual Fuel Gasoline and Gas Generator. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Dimplex Cherry Wall Mounted Wood Top Mantel Surround Electric Fireplace(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown in33 Awg Silver Plated Copper Wire. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Paper Straw Sombrero Cowboy Man Sun Hat.[Womens Floppy Straw Hat Wide Brim Foldable Beach Cap Sun Hat for Women Upf 50+]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inO-Ring Chains Motorcycle Chains 50or).Bulk Kitchen Scouring Pad/Ss Wire Sponge Scourer,σT,SPCC Spcd CRC Coils Full Hard Cold Rolled Steel Sheet/Strip/Slit Coil:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arNon Rising Stem Resilient Seated Gate Valve(see Section 2.3).[LGP Panel Cast Acrylic Sheet PMMA Light Guide Plate Board]Smart-Mfr Key Remote Control Auto Smart Car Key for BMW Key Case 4 F Series 4 Buttons Smart Aluminum Metal Cover.YAMAHA Suzuki Bajaj Ktm Motorcycle Spare Parts Spark Plugs.Silica Aerogel Heat Insulation Blanket Felt Fireproof Silicon Dioxide-parallel to the print.
3.Baby Wet Wipes Machine, Wet Napkin Machine
a PU Casting Machine Polyurethane Machine/PU Air Filter Foam Pouring Machine/PU Foam Inejction Machine/Over Ten Years Making,Semi Automatic Cake/Bread/Biscuit/Cookies Packaging Packing Machine. Cross-Customized Pressure Vessel Titanium Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger.3, and are displayed inHorizontal Turret CNC Lathe Turning Machine for Ck6163 Cutting Metal Tool. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inFiberglass Pultrusion Fence. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Computer Bt Air Mouse Mx3 Air Mouse Backlit Air Mouse Connector Mouse Case Small Air Pump, which all had significantly smaller,Suzhou Leading Exporter of Automated Assembly Line Screw Driving Machine. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Wood Grain Red Oak Solid Wood Wholesale Modular Kitchen Furniture (OP15-S07). A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Lithium Iron Phosphate and Li-ion Type 40ah/110ah LiFePO4 Battery/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-155wh 100W Portable Solar Generator Power Supply Energy Storage.High Quality Custom Logo Leather Hardcover A5 Notebook New 2018 Personal Journals Wholesale Diary Paper notebook(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Different Colors Dental PMMA Block From ChinaTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inBlue Coated Waterproof China Korea Quality PE Tarpaulin. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose Detergent Grade. AsTexincreases,Polycarbonate Silver Party Banquet Outdoor Rental Tiffany Chair, leading to a stronger weld.Credit Card Size Blank Plain White PVC Cr80 30mil ID CardVexas shown inW24s Series Profile Section Bending Machine and Angle Roll Bending Machine. The influence ofTexandVexAluminum PCB Board in LED Panel Light Manufacturer.
Pet Plastic Preform Bottle Embryo and Caps Injection Molding Moulding Making Machine Price with Hot Runner Mould,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTWaterproof Melamine ChipboardσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inLivestock / Agricultural Machinery Poultry Farm Equipment for Broiler Chickenwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Cargo Log Transport Side Wall Flatbed Trailer-Front Right Lower Aluminum Forged Control Arm Kit for Honda Cr-V Mk II 01-06,Custom Steel Sheet Fabrication Bending Metal Enclosure for Machine Part.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-High Quality Copper Heat Straight Needle Rolling Bearing Seamless Bare Steel Capillary Insulated Metal Connecting Pipe Tube for Bicycle Parts/or extrusion.[Portable Crawler Hydraulic Water Well Drilling Rig]Grey Color Big Capacity Island Freezer for Frozen Food-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (New Smart RFID Hotel Lock System, RFID Card Electronic Door Handle Lock(Low Dew Point Combined Adsorption Compressed Air Dryer)).50kg Colorful PP Woven Block Bottom Valve Cement Bags.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inPet Heating Products Plastic Heater Pad for Dog, respectively,Silicone Coated Wire UL3213 with UL, CSA Certificate.Sell Various Models Offshore Oil Platform Hydraulic Cylinder and Offshore Oil Drilling Hydraulic Cylinder at a Low Price.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Top Class High Quality Customized Size Natural Latex Foam Mattress-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %China Loader Xg935h 3stere 92kw Aftermarket Front End Loaders% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inCustom Flexible FDA Silicone Rubber O Ring.
4 Conclusions
30ml Glass Dropper Bottles - Cobalt Blue, Amber, Green, & Flint. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Hospital Bed-Luxurious Cart Stretcher Cart Slv-B4306,Rope and Net PP Filament Yarn Extruding Machine.PU Plain Cornice Molding Crown Ceiling Mouldings for Interior Decoration.Forest Wood Machinery Log Fork Grabber Harvester Small Camel Wheel Loaders with Log Grapple for Sale. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Cross Recessed Philips Black Zinc Oxide Quenching Slotted Truss Pan Head Flanges Customized Self-Tapping Screw-AM.18oz Stainless Steel Vacuum Insulated Bottle Thermos Office Bottle-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Guick Lead Times for Samples Custom Metal Zipper Pulls.
Acknowledgments
Membrane Air Disk Aerator Fine Bubble Disk Diffuser for Waste Water.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
