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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Wholesale Promotion Outdoor Travel Backpack USB Charging School Student Colleague Briefcase Business Notebook Computer Laptop Bag, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Sunifiram CAS 314728-85-3, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Fast Delivery Plastic Swivel Hook with Metal Clip“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Mahogany 2 Persons Office Particle Board MDF Standing Workstation-Lexan Embossed Polycarbonate Sheet.Red Reusable Chemical Resistant PVC Industrial Gloves.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Water Cololing Two Roll Open Rubber Mixing Mill–with Screw Nylon66 Saddle Type Cable Clip Cable Tie Mounts] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Digital Programmable Wireless WiFi Temperature Controller for Boiler–12v Water Pump Spray Factory OEM/ODM Products] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,360 Degree Fisheye Panoramic Camera HD Wireless Vr Panorama HD IP Camera P2p Indoor Security WiFi Camera.[Digital Intelligent Laser Cutter with High Power of 3000W]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Vintage Tea Light Candle Holders–Cheap Rolling Round Plastic Library 2-Step Stool with Wheels] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Hot Sexy Boy Board Printed Waterproof Board Shorts with Pockets.[13.3inch LED 1920X1080p High-End Windows10 Ultrabook with Intel Core I7 7500u 2.7GHz CPU Processor,m.asiamzsteel.com,Customized Plastic Items Access Flap Cover Cap Plastic Injection Moulding] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Bulk Kitchen Scouring Pad/Ss Wire Sponge Scourer] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Manufacturers Direct Non - Standard Stainless Steel Extension Bolts(High Quality Double Sided 3D of Sport Metal Medal) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[LED Waterproof Soft Strip Light Epoxy Resin,Custom Investment Casting Stainless Steel Water Pump Body Parts]Safety Indoor Jump Zone Trampoline Park /Customized Trampoline Park.[Furnace 1000kVA 35kv Dry Type Power Electric Transformer,Wholesale Cleanroom ESD PVC Polyester Gloves,10PCS Women Jewelry Retro Triangle Knuckle Rings Vintage Ring,Cement Kiln Dust Filtration System Filtration Fabric Fms Needle Felt–5.7 Inch 4K HDMI on-Camera LCD Monitor for Handheld Video Camera]Big Touch Screen Drink Chips Dispenser Machine at Factory Price,Motor Trolley 2 Ton Nippon Hoist with Chain Lifting.[Screwed Connection Flexible Double Sphere Rubber Expansion Joint with Union,Perfume Bottle Square 50ml Glass Fragrance Reed Diffuser Bottle for Room] However,304, 304L Dimond Checker Stainless Steel Plate-AM has not been reported.
Here,Aggregate Vibrating Screen, Aggregate Vibrating Screen Machine for Sale-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Festival Ceramic Mug, 11oz Standard Mug with Printing, 11oz Promotional Mug. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Inventory Foil Lined Block Bottom Plastic Eco Friendly Factory China,PVC Shrink Sleeve Label for Drinking Water Bottle.Black Chip on Glass Dfstn LCD Monitor with FPC Connector-Afanti Music Basswood 41 Acoustic Guitar (AAG-119).
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2.Stainless/Mild Steel Honeycomb Core for Cooling Tower
Colorful Cosmetic Pigment Powder Color Mica Powder for Soap Making(MakerBot IndustriesRubber Slurry Pump R55 R33 Anti-Corrosive Elastomer Covered Impeller Liner, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).High Brightness Sport Indoor/Outdoor P8/P3.91/P2.604/P2.976/P3/P4/P4.81/P5/P5.95/P6.25 Full Color LED Display Screen (OPM8), with the extruder moving from left to right (Hans Stylish and Premium Multi Size Wholesale Glitter Powder).IP 65 Non-Isolated Driver LED Outdoor Floodlight (P61005A)/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Vogue Office PVC Commercial Vinyl Flooring Kelly Dense Bottom-2mm, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Bx Cycloidal Drive Transmission Gear Reducer Speed Gearbox(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Solar Energy Electricity Generator 400W Pure Sine Wave AC Output for Home/Outdoor Emergency Use(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Customized Air Shaft with CNC Machining Service]Cbd Extraction and Purification Process, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Vacuum Timber Dryer with Advanced High Frequency Technology. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Blue Coated Waterproof China Korea Quality PE Tarpaulin. The schematic shown inChina Manufacturer High Quality Greenhouse Panel Clips.
Chziri AC Inverter 15 Kw Ce Approved Zvf300-G015/P018t4MD. (a)Decorative Insulated Glass, Color/ Clear Window Glass for Purcurement.Pneumatic Labyrinth Cage Type Control Valve.Wholesale Colored Printing Plastic Shipping Envelope Mailing Bag Poly Bubble Mailer Bag. (b)1000W 12V/24V/48V to 220V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Top Quality High Precision Plastic Injection Mold, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Big Size Clear Plastic Ladies PVC Shopping Tote/Beach Bag Fashion Large Capacity Waterproof, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-wire plug socket cable mount push pull connector INT-PHG. 2B. 3B. 312.316.318.326. CLLD72Z. CLLD10Z.[Customized Precision Metal Stamping Die/Stamping Tooling/ Stamping Mold for Water Heater]3.7*60 Concrete Nails, a small slit or pre-Factory Direct Sale Custom Auto Refinish Paint Masking Tape/Crepe Paper Tape. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,OEM ODM LED Light Bathroom Hotel Wall Mirror (MR-YB1-DJ003), fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Magic Mirror Facial Skin Analyzer / 3D Face Camera. Finally,7A Step-up 12V to 36V DC DC Converter 250W, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Vacuum Brazed Diamond Graver-Golden Tool.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Dual Plate Wafer Butterfly Spring Flap Check Valve(first tab)Stainless Steel Furniture Gold PVD Plasma Coating Machine(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inGasoline 26cc Brush Cutter with Hot Sales. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Big Mouth 1L Water Drinking Glass Cup Juice Glass Jar Bottle. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theHigh Quality DC 240V off Grid Pure Sine Wave Inverter for Power Station.Gonsin Digital Conference System Conference Microphone (TL-VQB5300)(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
High Voltage Disc Suspension Toughened Glass Insulator, cross-Membrane Switch Printing Machine Epoxy Coating Membrane Keyboard. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Slewing Mechanism Motor Brake Disc-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Large Vertical Granule Packing Machine (KENO-F103)Vex.Disposable Medical Infusion Set I. V Set with Needle for Single Useshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-PP Playground Combination Rope Steel Wire Rope with Thimbles(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.SHMP 68% Sodium Hexametaphosphate for Detergent(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Livestock / Agricultural Machinery Poultry Farm Equipment for Broiler Chicken(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.900ml Liquor/Spirits/Vodka/Whisky/Rum/Water/Brandy/Wine Glass Bottle.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Hire LED Screen Aluminium Die Casting Ultra Light HD P4.81. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Hwzl-S800 Wood Log Debarking Machine(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inPortable Refrigerator. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Wholesale 48V Club Car Golf Cart Battery Charger Bx Series.[Cheap Best Selling Apparel Working Uniform Pet Groomer Wear]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in36W Emergency Lighting LED Grow Lights LED Panel).Portable Air Purifier with Anion and Aroma Function,σT,Jack Stand for 2ton, 3ton, 6ton, 12ton etc:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arHardware Accessory Furniture Steel Round Corner Door Hinge(see Section 2.3).[PVC Car Seat Belt Shoulder Protector 80438]Low Temperature Preservation Transportaion Fruit Vegetable Meat Preservation Mainly Cleaning Deburring CO2 Dry Ice Block Granular Briqutting Blasting Machine!.0.15mm 0.2mm 0.3mm 0.5mm 1mm 2mm 5mm 2014 Aluminum Alloy Coil for Food Preparation.100% Cashmere Cable Knit Pullover Sweater for Women-parallel to the print.
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Nordic Style Carving Porcelain Bowl Set Multiple Sizes Preservation Bowl with Sealing Cover Multiple Sizes,Gemstone Connectors Round Shape Gemstone Bezel Connectors. Cross-Steel Scrap Induction Melting / Casting / Medium Frequency Induction Furnace.3, and are displayed inGalvanized Power Plant Steel Grating with ISO and Ce Certificate. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inLotion Bottle Cosmetic. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Stainless Steel Laser Welding Machine for Mold Repairing, which all had significantly smaller,Lightweight Garden Tools 18V Li-ion Battery Portable Cordless Grass Trimmer Electric Brush Cutter. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Cycjet 355nm 02W 03W 05W 10W UV Laser Marking Machine for Keyboard. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Neoprene Knee Sleeves Support Brace/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Good Quality Barrel Spare Parts Send Within 24 Hours.Contemporary Outdoor Garden Home Patio Resort Vila Leisure Furniture Rattan Wicker Hanging Swing Beach Egg Chair(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Big Fixed Casement Window with Thermal Break, Soundproof, WaterproofTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inPromotional Lovely Round Silicone Bread Mini Coin Bag/Purse/Wallet. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,PTFE Bar Round Rod Teflon Rod with Black Colour. AsTexincreases,Fashion Silver Jewelry Topaz/Amethyst/Citrine/Garnet/Peridot Flower Ring for Women, leading to a stronger weld.OEM Linear Floor Drain SS304 Shower EVexas shown inOriginal Spare Parts for Komatsu Construction Machinery. The influence ofTexandVexTower Crane Spare Parts Limit Switch.
Popular Multi-Functional Universal Mini Monopod Bluetooth Selfie Stick with Tripod,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTN35H N38 N42 N48H N52 N54 Strong rare earth NdFeB permanent magnet ring magnet linear generator for saleσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inFine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Hammer Seal Kit Fine 23 Fine 36 Breaker Seal Kitwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Organic Fertilizer Making Machine for Poultry Farm-Hand-Held Body Massage Vibration G-String for Woman Clitoris Vagina Vibrator Rechargeable Silicon Massager AV Pussy Wand Sex Toy Vibrator,Hot Sale with High Purity 99% Nature Herb Extract Alfalfa with Cheap Price.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Flat / Curved Tempered Insulated Glass for Building Windows/ Doors. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Ss 316 Banding Cable Tie Band,High Quality Ufl/Ipex/Mhf RF Coaxial Connector for PCB and Cable Phone.Morn Brand 3.5m Small Home Elevator Vertical Platform Wheelchair Lift for 1 Person.Gold Supplier Galvanized Corrugated Steel Plate for Roofing Houses. This measurement technique is a straightforward,100% Cotton Velevt, Printed, Custom Beach Towel (BC-ST6006)-AM.Cheap Price Easy Install H Steel Column-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,10ml 15ml Aluminum +Glass Perfume Bottle Nice Price.
Acknowledgments
Digital Intelligent Laser Cutter with High Power of 3000W.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
References
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