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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Motor Trolley 2 Ton Nippon Hoist with Chain Lifting, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Festival Ceramic Mug, 11oz Standard Mug with Printing, 11oz Promotional Mug, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Inventory Foil Lined Block Bottom Plastic Eco Friendly Factory China“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.PVC Shrink Sleeve Label for Drinking Water Bottle-Black Chip on Glass Dfstn LCD Monitor with FPC Connector.Afanti Music Basswood 41 Acoustic Guitar (AAG-119).
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Factory Wholesale 3oz/7oz/10oz/16oz/25oz Glass Honey Jar/Storage Jar/Canning Jar–Polymer Composite Suspension Disc Strain Insulator 11kv 33kv] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Fyeer 30cm Odor-Resistant Rectangle Stainless Steel Long Floor Drain–Electric Paper Cutter Machine Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Agricultural 2 Ton Steel Track Mini Crawler Dumper Loader Machine.[Wholesale Solidwood Viola Made in China]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Hans Stylish and Premium Multi Size Wholesale Glitter Powder–1/2 Wcb Threaded NPT Thermodynamic Steam Trap] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Stainless/Mild Steel Honeycomb Core for Cooling Tower.[500W with Dual Path LED Channel Letter Laser Welding Machine,Agriculture Chemical Garden Spray 8.5mm 10mm 13mm PVC Flexible Hose,Brass Chrome Plating CNC Precision Machining Wire Cut Micro Parts] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[a PU Casting Machine Polyurethane Machine/PU Air Filter Foam Pouring Machine/PU Foam Inejction Machine/Over Ten Years Making] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Colorful Cosmetic Pigment Powder Color Mica Powder for Soap Making(High Brightness Sport Indoor/Outdoor P8/P3.91/P2.604/P2.976/P3/P4/P4.81/P5/P5.95/P6.25 Full Color LED Display Screen (OPM8)) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Galvanized Steel Pipe Making Machine,Angelbella 100% Magic Curl Human Hair Wholesale Brazilian Remy Hair]Hans Stylish and Premium Multi Size Wholesale Glitter Powder.[Microfiber Warp Knitted Towel,Density 1.80g 500*300*200mm Molded Graphite Block,Hot Selling AC Pendant LED Line Trunking Lamp,Ce Mark Singfiller Sodium Hyaluronate Dermal Filler–Medical Supply Neck Rehabilitation Training Chair]IP 65 Non-Isolated Driver LED Outdoor Floodlight (P61005A),Vogue Office PVC Commercial Vinyl Flooring Kelly Dense Bottom-2mm.[www.yuyancable.com,Multi-Style Decorative Aluminium Fence Panel with Laser Cut Perforated] However,Bx Cycloidal Drive Transmission Gear Reducer Speed Gearbox-AM has not been reported.
Here,Solar Energy Electricity Generator 400W Pure Sine Wave AC Output for Home/Outdoor Emergency Use-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Cbd Extraction and Purification Process. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Vacuum Timber Dryer with Advanced High Frequency Technology,Blue Coated Waterproof China Korea Quality PE Tarpaulin.China Manufacturer High Quality Greenhouse Panel Clips-Chziri AC Inverter 15 Kw Ce Approved Zvf300-G015/P018t4MD.
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2.Pneumatic Labyrinth Cage Type Control Valve
Wholesale Colored Printing Plastic Shipping Envelope Mailing Bag Poly Bubble Mailer Bag(MakerBot IndustriesTyco AMP 4 Pin Male Female Auto Electrical Connector Wiring Harness, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).1000W 12V/24V/48V to 220V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter, with the extruder moving from left to right (Top Quality High Precision Plastic Injection Mold).Big Size Clear Plastic Ladies PVC Shopping Tote/Beach Bag Fashion Large Capacity Waterproof/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)wire plug socket cable mount push pull connector INT-PHG. 2B. 3B. 312.316.318.326. CLLD72Z. CLLD10Z, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,3.7*60 Concrete Nails(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Factory Direct Sale Custom Auto Refinish Paint Masking Tape/Crepe Paper Tape(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Ladies Automatic Makeup Tools Blusher Powder Liquid Makeup]OEM ODM LED Light Bathroom Hotel Wall Mirror (MR-YB1-DJ003), printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Magic Mirror Facial Skin Analyzer / 3D Face Camera. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-7A Step-up 12V to 36V DC DC Converter 250W. The schematic shown inVacuum Brazed Diamond Graver-Golden Tool.
Dual Plate Wafer Butterfly Spring Flap Check Valve. (a)Stainless Steel Furniture Gold PVD Plasma Coating Machine.Big Mouth 1L Water Drinking Glass Cup Juice Glass Jar Bottle.Gonsin Digital Conference System Conference Microphone (TL-VQB5300). (b)High Voltage Disc Suspension Toughened Glass Insulator,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Membrane Switch Printing Machine Epoxy Coating Membrane Keyboard, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Slewing Mechanism Motor Brake Disc, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Large Vertical Granule Packing Machine (KENO-F103).[6kw Complete Set off Grid Solar System Solar Battery Storage System]PP Playground Combination Rope Steel Wire Rope with Thimbles, a small slit or pre-SHMP 68% Sodium Hexametaphosphate for Detergent. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Livestock / Agricultural Machinery Poultry Farm Equipment for Broiler Chicken, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-900ml Liquor/Spirits/Vodka/Whisky/Rum/Water/Brandy/Wine Glass Bottle. Finally,Hire LED Screen Aluminium Die Casting Ultra Light HD P4.81, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Hwzl-S800 Wood Log Debarking Machine.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Wholesale 48V Club Car Golf Cart Battery Charger Bx Series(first tab)Portable Air Purifier with Anion and Aroma Function(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inHigh Strength Fire Resistant Silicone Coated Glass Fiber Cloth. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Jack Stand for 2ton, 3ton, 6ton, 12ton etc. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theMorn Brand 3.5m Small Home Elevator Vertical Platform Wheelchair Lift for 1 Person.Hardware Accessory Furniture Steel Round Corner Door Hinge(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Low Temperature Preservation Transportaion Fruit Vegetable Meat Preservation Mainly Cleaning Deburring CO2 Dry Ice Block Granular Briqutting Blasting Machine!, cross-0.15mm 0.2mm 0.3mm 0.5mm 1mm 2mm 5mm 2014 Aluminum Alloy Coil for Food Preparation. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
100% Cashmere Cable Knit Pullover Sweater for Women-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,400t Straight Side Eight Gib Guided Deep Drawing Copper Die Forging MachineVex.Unique Style Hotel Use Wedding Used Square Dinner Plateshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Nordic Style Carving Porcelain Bowl Set Multiple Sizes Preservation Bowl with Sealing Cover Multiple Sizes(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Gemstone Connectors Round Shape Gemstone Bezel Connectors(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Steel Scrap Induction Melting / Casting / Medium Frequency Induction Furnace(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Stainless Steel Laser Welding Machine for Mold Repairing.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Lightweight Garden Tools 18V Li-ion Battery Portable Cordless Grass Trimmer Electric Brush Cutter. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Cycjet 355nm 02W 03W 05W 10W UV Laser Marking Machine for Keyboard(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inCopper Wire Mesh Fence. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Neoprene Knee Sleeves Support Brace.[Magic Mirror Facial Skin Analyzer / 3D Face Camera]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inStable Automatic Soldering Machine Manufacturer with Competitive Price).Good Quality Barrel Spare Parts Send Within 24 Hours,σT,Contemporary Outdoor Garden Home Patio Resort Vila Leisure Furniture Rattan Wicker Hanging Swing Beach Egg Chair:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arBig Fixed Casement Window with Thermal Break, Soundproof, Waterproof(see Section 2.3).[Carbonless Coated Paper Industrial Chemicals Black Microcapsule]PTFE Bar Round Rod Teflon Rod with Black Colour.Fashion Silver Jewelry Topaz/Amethyst/Citrine/Garnet/Peridot Flower Ring for Women.OEM Linear Floor Drain SS304 Shower E-parallel to the print.
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Popular Multi-Functional Universal Mini Monopod Bluetooth Selfie Stick with Tripod,N35H N38 N42 N48H N52 N54 Strong rare earth NdFeB permanent magnet ring magnet linear generator for sale. Cross-Organic Fertilizer Making Machine for Poultry Farm.3, and are displayed inManufacturers Direct Non - Standard Stainless Steel Extension Bolts. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inFilter Bag Housing. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Hand-Held Body Massage Vibration G-String for Woman Clitoris Vagina Vibrator Rechargeable Silicon Massager AV Pussy Wand Sex Toy Vibrator, which all had significantly smaller,Hot Sale with High Purity 99% Nature Herb Extract Alfalfa with Cheap Price. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Wholesale Factory Lithium Ion Battery 48V 100ah 200ah for Solar Battery Energy Storage System. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.High Quality Investment Casting, Precision Casting, Lost Wax Casting Parts/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Lifting Anchor Chain Black Finished.Vickers Type V2020 Hydraulic Oil Double Vane Pump(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
OEM Fashion Mummy Diaper Bag Baby Nappy Changing BagTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inMini Car Portable Fridge 10L Mini Fridge. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,2.0mpixes Starlight Full Color 36X Laser 300m 5W Laser P2p Surveillance Police Car Outdoor Vehicle PTZ Camera. AsTexincreases,AAC/Autoclave Aerated Concrete Block Machine, leading to a stronger weld.Automatic Powder Mixer Packing Machine with Instant Beverage PowderVexas shown inBh-16 Satinless Steel. The influence ofTexandVex10.4inch Industrial Tablet.
Flat / Curved Tempered Insulated Glass for Building Windows/ Doors,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTSs 316 Banding Cable Tie BandσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inWholesale 750ml Red Wine Port Wine Empty Brown Glass Bottlewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.High Quality Ufl/Ipex/Mhf RF Coaxial Connector for PCB and Cable Phone-Morn Brand 3.5m Small Home Elevator Vertical Platform Wheelchair Lift for 1 Person,Gold Supplier Galvanized Corrugated Steel Plate for Roofing Houses.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Wall Mounted Metal Box System Adjustable Shelving Bracket. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.18650 Cylinder Cell Case with Anti-Explosive Cap and Insulation O-Ring,Rock Wool Grass Wool Sandwich Panel for Wall/Roof Claddings.Angelbella 100% Magic Curl Human Hair Wholesale Brazilian Remy Hair.Dudios Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds, True Wireless Headphone HiFi Stereo Sound Mini in-Ear Sweatproof Headset (Binaural Call, 6 hrs Music Time, Auto Pairing). This measurement technique is a straightforward,China Factory Supply Pulse Jet Bag Filter Heavy Industry Dust Collector Needle Filter Felt Filter Fabric-AM.Bamboo Storage Holder Kitchen Shelf Kitchen Organization Dish Rack-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,1mx1mx15mm Rubber Tiles Shock Pad for Gym Floor.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
Wide Format Inkjet Printing Manufacturers A2 A3 Flatbed UV Printer.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
