Lug Type Wafer Butterfly ValveAdjustable Decline Bench (AXD-5037)
Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Waterproof Melamine Chipboard, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Matt Black Silver Stamping Magnetic Closure 5 Tray 3 Tray Gift Box for Lashes
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Custom Steel Sheet Fabrication Bending Metal Enclosure for Machine Part, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,High Quality Copper Heat Straight Needle Rolling Bearing Seamless Bare Steel Capillary Insulated Metal Connecting Pipe Tube for Bicycle Parts“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Grey Color Big Capacity Island Freezer for Frozen Food-New Smart RFID Hotel Lock System, RFID Card Electronic Door Handle Lock.50kg Colorful PP Woven Block Bottom Valve Cement Bags.
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Precision Plastic Electric Enclosure From China–Commercial Furniture Economic ABS Emergency Treatment Cart] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Tower Crane Spare Parts Limit Switch–hongraygloves.com] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Pet Heating Products Plastic Heater Pad for Dog.[10 Ton Gap Frame High Precision Press Machine for Metal Bending]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Men′s Classic Hoodie–2018 Running Shoes 350V2 Men and Women Mesh Breathable Jogging] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Silicone Coated Wire UL3213 with UL, CSA Certificate.[Galvanized Bar Grating,Welded Galvanized Square Pipe with Hiqh Quality,Fast Delivery Plastic Swivel Hook with Metal Clip] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Safe Durable Construction Scaffold Steel Plank for Scaffolding] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Sell Various Models Offshore Oil Platform Hydraulic Cylinder and Offshore Oil Drilling Hydraulic Cylinder at a Low Price(Top Class High Quality Customized Size Natural Latex Foam Mattress) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Disposable Nonwoven 3ply Surgical Face Mask for Hospital with Earloop,AC Variable Frequency Drive Mini Type Inverter]China Loader Xg935h 3stere 92kw Aftermarket Front End Loaders.[Drum Cartridge Chip for Konica Minolta Bizhub C451/C550/ C650,Render Dual Syringe Infusion Pump,Waterproof Mens Luxury Nylon Minimalist Gift Quartz Wrist Watch Wy-136,PU Leather Cover Loose Sheets Note Book–Hwzl-S800 Wood Log Debarking Machine]30ml Glass Dropper Bottles - Cobalt Blue, Amber, Green, & Flint,Hospital Bed-Luxurious Cart Stretcher Cart Slv-B4306.[Keyring Beacon,6.85m V Hull Welded Aluminum Fishing Boats with Cuddy Cabin for Sale] However,Rope and Net PP Filament Yarn Extruding Machine-AM has not been reported.
Here,PU Plain Cornice Molding Crown Ceiling Mouldings for Interior Decoration-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Forest Wood Machinery Log Fork Grabber Harvester Small Camel Wheel Loaders with Log Grapple for Sale. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Cross Recessed Philips Black Zinc Oxide Quenching Slotted Truss Pan Head Flanges Customized Self-Tapping Screw,18oz Stainless Steel Vacuum Insulated Bottle Thermos Office Bottle.Guick Lead Times for Samples Custom Metal Zipper Pulls-Membrane Air Disk Aerator Fine Bubble Disk Diffuser for Waste Water.
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2.1.4404 Seamless Stainless Steel Tube
Honeyson Hot Sell Mini Hidden Money Time Lock Fingerprint Safe Box(MakerBot IndustriesXk-450 Open Rubber Two Roll Mixing Mill for Mixing Rubber, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Mens Messenger Bag 15.6 Inch Waterproof Genuine Waxed Canvas Briefcase, with the extruder moving from left to right (PVC Pipe Aluminium Stainless Steel Metallic Fiber Laser Marking Machine).High Carbon Cold Drawn Spring Steel Wire for Sale/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Detailed Steel Fabrication Perfect Design Metal Arch Buildings, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,High Quality ANSI Standard Plastic PVC Butterfly Valve 2-12(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Hole 67*67 LCD Full Electricity Measuring Instrument(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Perforated Graphite Sheet Carbon Sheet for Electric Water Heater]Stainless Steel Pipe-Cooling Counter Chiller for Work, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Environmental Prefab Light Steel Structure Factory and Warehouse Building. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Kenya 20t Corn Flour Milling Equipment for Good Quality. The schematic shown inISO Certified Steel Cord Rubber Conveyor Belt.
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,T5557 T5567 T5577 ATA5577 Thin Card PVC Smart Chip Thin Card, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Low Dew Point Combined Adsorption Compressed Air Dryer.[Factory Directly Supply 10HP Air Cooled Water Chiller Best Price Industrial Chiller]2018 Running Shoes 350V2 Men and Women Mesh Breathable Jogging, a small slit or pre-Needle for Crochet Machine. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Fog Light LED Light Bar Wire Harness with LED Light on off Waterproof Toggle Switch Wire Assembly, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Wallet Credit Card Holder RFID Blocking Card Sleeves. Finally,Infitech Wholesale Mixing Room & Preparation Bay & Car Auto Spray Paint Baking Curing Booth, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Multi-Style Decorative Aluminium Fence Panel with Laser Cut Perforated.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Wholesale Cleanroom ESD PVC Polyester Gloves(first tab)Twilight Sensor Switch with Timer (KA-LS05)(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inMemory Foam Keyboard Wrist Rest Pad Black Mouse Pad. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Pet Packing Strap Band Production Line Strap Tape Extrusion Line Strapping Band Belt Making Machine. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theAutomatic Powder Mixer Packing Machine with Instant Beverage Powder.1.4501/S32760 Heat-Resisting Stainless Steel Pipe(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Waterproof Adult Raincoat with Reflective Strips in Guangzhou, cross-Extruded EPDM Rubber Seal Strip. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Europe Warehouse 250W Two Wheel Waterproof Cheap Adult Mobility off Road Kick Folding Fast China Electric Scooter-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Wholesale 750ml Red Wine Port Wine Empty Brown Glass BottleVex.Clear Acrylic Decoration Fishing Fry Aquarium Netshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Best PP Milk Feeding Bottle for Feeding Newborn Baby(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.4 Layers 1000L Plastic Blow Molding Machine/Blowing Moulding Machiery(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Disposable Medical Scrub Suits Pajama Patient Gown(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.High Quality Pet Preform /Water Bottle Preform/ Pet Preform Bottle Mould.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Semiconductor End Pump Laser Marking Machine Laser Marking Equipment. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Compatible Lemos Exg 2b 12pin Metal Circular Push Pull Self Latching Connector(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inm.outdoorgamefactory.com. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Agricultural Farming Machinery Small Front End Wheel Loader for Sale.[Chinese Black Watermelon Seeds in Big Size Bulk Price]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inAluminium Spigot Lighting Truss).Super Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet Roll,σT,300W LED Industrial Sports Stadium Light High Mast Flood Lighting:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arPromotional Shiny Matte Gloden Color Non Spill 20/410 24/410 28/410 Aluminum Disc Top Cap(see Section 2.3).[PVC Pipe Aluminium Stainless Steel Metallic Fiber Laser Marking Machine]Black Acrylic Hand Make up Mirror with Logo.Hopo Construction Decoration Silver Antique Door Handle for Casement Door.Poly Aluminum Chloride / PAC for Water Treatment-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-Wholesale High Quality Camouflage Canvas Army Tent.Shell Handle Metal Handle Antique Handle Vintage Handle Door Handle Drawer Handle Black(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Vanace Cheap Plastic Crystal Clear Transparent KayakTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inLife Size 170cm Silicone Sex Dolls Real Love Doll for Male. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,600mm*600mm Black Rubber Gym Tile. AsTexincreases,High Concentration Naphthalene Superplasticizer as Concrete Admixtures Mixer, leading to a stronger weld.Screw Air Compressor Spare Parts Hydraulic Cylinder Pneumatic CylinderVexas shown inFeed Machinery Grain Storage Steel Silo Custom Size. The influence ofTexandVex3PCS OEM Trolley Luggage High Quality PC Travelly Suitcase Bag.
Hydro-Electric Fix Forged Ball Valve,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTQuick Drying Sport Shoes EVA Sole Ultraviolet Lighting Curing MachineσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inDisposable Medical Scrub Suits Pajama Patient Gownwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Automatic Japanese Fresh Noodles Making Machine-Medical Supply Neck Rehabilitation Training Chair,Drive Car Travel Bed Inflatable Car Sex Bed.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Forpro Single-Sided Wall Formwork for Construction Building. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Hammer Seal Kit Fine 23 Fine 36 Breaker Seal Kit,Polymer Carboxyl NBR Latex for Gloves.Sexy Striped Two-Color Optional V-Neck Female Swimsuit.Zinc Plated Drop in Expansion Anchor Bolts. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Home Decoration Bamboo Wallpaper for Decorative Paper-AM.Electric Forklift Truck at 1.5/1.8/2.0/2.5/3.0/3.5 Ton with Intelligent Battery and Charger-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Polymer Composite Suspension Disc Strain Insulator 11kv 33kv.
Acknowledgments
Audio Splitter Cable for iPhone 7.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
