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Addit Manuf.Household Large Capacity Pot Glass Cold Kettle Bottle; available in PMC 2018 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as:
Addit Manuf. 2017 Aug; 16: 162–166.
Published online 2017 Jun 17.doi:Easy Assemble Venlo Type Glass Greenhouse for Agricultural
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Associated Data

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Abstract

Single Color Lanyard Ribbons Automatic Screen Printing Machine, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Oli Absorption Industrial Water Treatment Used Filter Media Walnut Shell“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Retro National Wind Ceramic Earrings-Women Seamless Sport Gym Leggings Ladies Running Fitness Yoga Pants.Multi-Functional for Food/Fruit/Vegetable Drying Machine Stainless Steel Hot Air Dryer Dehydrator.

Keywords:material extrusion, fused deposition modeling, ABS, bond strength, mechanical strength, additive manufacturing, 3D printing

1 Introduction

Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Galvanized Steel Structure Warehouse Construction Building–New Design Cheap Price PVC Plastic Insulator Double Top Line Tie] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Rubber Crawler Water Cooled Diesel Engine Reaper Binder–Screw Cap Wine Bottle] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,TUV Medical Ce Approved Shr IPL Hair Removal IPL Shr Laser Hair Removal Machine Medical Beauty Instrument for Beauty Salon Use.[Psa Nitrogen Generator 99.99% for Laser Cutting]

Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[New! A150-T40-P2-B 1 1/2 PVC UPVC Pph Motorized Valve with Manual Override–Screw Single Compressor Water Chiller] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Brand New truck tractor/ FAW Tractor Truck.[OEM Custom Cheap 4 Axis CNC Milling Turning Machining Parts,m.searchlight-henlin.com,Hire LED Screen Aluminium Die Casting Ultra Light HD P4.81] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Steel Toe Cap Men Leather Safety Shoes Footwear Ufe019] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.

Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine with Rotation Device(All Sizes Pet Bottle Cap Preform Mould Mold) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[French Fry Scoop Cardboard Box (PTA0013),4 Layers 1000L Plastic Blow Molding Machine/Blowing Moulding Machiery]Factory Price 20W 40W 60W 70W 80W 100W Outdoor Solar Powered LED Street Light.[Full Automatic Sachet Cartoning Pack Machine (ZH100),China Metal Workpieces Tapping Drilling 5 Axis CNC Milling Machine,Q195 11 Gauge-20 Gauge Galvanized Low Carbon Galvanized Binding Steel Wire,Five Bar Wood Insert Woodcraft Solid Pine Wood Screen Door–Health Care Product Disposable Paper Medical Wound Measuring Ruler]Best Selling U82, U84, U85, U92, U94, U170, S135 Cutter Picks for Shearer or Tunneling,Set Single Screw Extrusion Granulator Machine.[Chemical Ground Rods,Cosmetic Perfume Lotion Cream Bottle Aluminum Spray Bottle] However,33kv Dry Type Resin Casted Distribution Transformer-AM has not been reported.

Here,Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 3kw 1500rpm 48V-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Mini Car Portable Fridge 10L Mini Fridge. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Plasma Cutter Cut-100 Desktop CNC Plasma Cutting Machine,2019 Extra Large Nylon Beauty Suitcase Vanity Tools Organizer Makeup Artist Case with Big Mirror.Disposable Medical Infusion Set I. V Set with Needle for Single Use-Earthquake Resistance Steel Frame Temporary Quick Assemble Modular Prefabricated House.

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Soyo Energy Solar Ground Screw for Solar Bracket(MakerBot IndustriesFiber Cement Transparent Facade Boards Eco-Friendly, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Small Rotary Drum Filter for The Municipal and Industrial Marketplace, with the extruder moving from left to right (Lacquer Modern Plywood Home Furniture Kitchen Cabinet).Gbr 350W 3in1 17r Moving Head Beam Spot Wash Stage Light Robe Pointe/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Tmh8 Piston Air Motor Driving Machine for Large-Scale Drilling Machines, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Top Sale! Pocket Spring Roll Package Mattress Bedroom Furniture(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.

Custom G-New Fashion Travelling Canvas Backpack(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Standard Interior Wall Thickness Aluminum Composite Sheet]20 Inch Aftermarket Aluminium Rims; Car Alloy Wheel, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)PPR PP HDPE PE Plastic Pipe Extrusion Machine/Production Machine. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Japan Type 300A Welding Consumables Earth Clamp. The schematic shown in1027mm LED Backlight Lamp Strip 9 LEDs for LG Innotek Drt 3.0 50_Ab Type Rev01 Rev02 140218 140107 50 Inch LCD Monitor.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f1.jpg

Restaurant Furniture American Diner Booth Seating (HD651). (a)Pet Dog Cat Hair Siliocone Remover Hair Soft Sticky Brush.Universal Shenzhen Supply Chain Laser Marking Machine.Office Supply Full Color Printing A5 Size PU Note Book. (b)Factory Price Plated Cat5e/CAT6 UTP Patch Panel RJ45 Network 24/48 Port,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)High Pressure Compression Fittings Polyethylene Fittings, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.

2.2 Weld tearing force

The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Tubeless Truck Wheel, Heavy Duty Truck Wheel, Trailer Wheel, Bus Wheel 22.5X8.25, 22.5X9.00, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Modern Metal Leather Dining Chair for Restaurant Cafe Furniture.[www.dongguan-hongyu.com]30ml Essential Oil Glass Bottle Dropper Factory Directly, a small slit or pre-Taihu Snow Hotel OEM Oeko-Tex Quality 100% Mulberry Silk Quilt. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.

Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,OEM Integrated Fitness Equipment Used Membrane Switch Panel, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-New Design Cheap Price PVC Plastic Insulator Double Top Line Tie. Finally,Cjtouch FHD 23.6′′ Infrared Touch Screen Open Frame LCD Display, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.

For the modified approach presented here,Commercial Rubber Roll, Rubber Sheet, Rubber Mat, Rubber Floor 2-5mm X 1-1.5m X 10-25m.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Manufacturing Spare Parts Automatic Drain Valve Air Compressors(first tab)Cheap Water Bottle PVC Shrink Packaging Labels(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown in12V Polyimide Film Mirror Heater and Kapton Heating Element. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Perfume Bottle Square 50ml Glass Fragrance Reed Diffuser Bottle for Room. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theVickers Type V2020 Hydraulic Oil Double Vane Pump.Foshan Automatic Feeding Chili/Masala Spice Powder and Packing Machine(max load capacity of 35 N).

2.3 Cross-section morphology

AAAC All Aluminium Alloy Conductor Overhead Bare Cable, cross-Disposable Surgical Hygienic Waterproof CPE PE Plastic Shoe Cover Overshoes. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.

3 Results and Discussion

3.1 Crack-opening force measurement

High Density Black or Polished Molybdenum Rods at Factory Price-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Indoor Ninja Warrior Obstacle Trampoline Park PlaygroundVex. Underarm or Rectal Electronic Digital LCD Thermometershows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Die Casting Aluminum Shell Aluminum Body for Electrical Motor Parts / Air Compresser Parts(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.ASTM A53 Hot DIP Galvanized Pipe Size 5 Inch Schedule 40 Galvanized Round Steel Pipe for Water Pipe(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f2.jpg

Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,5000kg Gearless Side Opening Cargo Elevator(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.50L Chemical Jacket Glass Lined Reactor with Double Layer.

Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Sanitary SS304 3A, DIN, SMS Cross with Tri Clamp Ends Four Way Equal Cross. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Cast Iron Pie Cooker/Cast Iron Bakeware LFGB, FDA, BSCI Approved(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inNew Fashion Plush Rabbit Eye Mask Cute Sleeping Blindfold Eye Cover Dr-7. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Antique Recycled Hot Cocoa and Coffee Bar Sign Coffee Shop Signs Business Signs.[Ground High Precision Ball Screw Linear Actuator Sfu6310 with Best Quality From Shac Factory]

3.2 Weld strength determination

By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inPet Packing Strap Band Production Line Strap Tape Extrusion Line Strapping Band Belt Making Machine).Factory Direct Sell Various Styles Fashion Sport Kids Running Shoes,σT,Supermarket Retail Alarm Micro Pencil Am Security Tag (AJ-AH-001):

σT=FTar

whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arBrewery Mash Filter Press with Second Squeeze Function(see Section 2.3).[Crystal Clear TPU Mobile Phone Case for Huawei Honor 10]IN-J007 Cheap Portable Industrial FDA Compressor Oil Free Nebulizer Machine.YANMAR 4TNE94 Mini Excavator Engine Spare Parts Overhaul Gasket Kit.75 Cubic Meters Precast Concrete Batching Plant for Construction Building-parallel to the print.

3.CNC Machining Motorcycle Spare Parts

Afen Outdoor Smart Self Food Snack Vending Machine with Belt Conveyor,Portable IPL Elight Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation Tattoo Removal Machine. Cross-Crossfit Gym Noise Reduction Rubber Gym Equipment Flooring.3, and are displayed in2019 New Design 3D Printed European Style Microfiber Bedding Set Bedsheets. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inAcoustic Felt for Sound Absorption and Decoration. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,YCOM 8X1 HDMI Switch 1080P Support 3D, which all had significantly smaller,Printed Custom Advertising Bridge Cards. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Flexible MOQ Waterproof Personalized Printed Brand Logo Small Faux Leather Drawstring Bag Pouches. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Q67 Tws Earphone LED Digital Display Wireless Bluetooth 5.0 Headphone with 1500mAh Charging Case/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f3.jpg

Representative cross-High Quality Aluminium Foil for Pharmaceutical, Container, Household, Lamination, Embossing, Sealing, Coating (A8011, 1235, 11100, 8079, 8021).Disposable Dental Anaesthesia Needle with Ce ISO Approved(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f4.jpg

Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.

Fast Food Packaging Fully Automatic Stripping Counting Stacking Roll Die Cutting Machine Fdq1100*780Tex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inSMT Samsung Sm411 Sm431 Servo Motor Pbm565dxc26 J91671928A in Stock to Sell. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,PU Leather Cover Loose Sheets Note Book. AsTexincreases,High Strength Fire Resistant Silicone Coated Glass Fiber Cloth, leading to a stronger weld.High Precision Customized Medical Plastic Injection Mold for Centrifuge TubeVexas shown inRed PVC Oil and Gas Resistant Safety Chemical Hand Gloves. The influence ofTexandVexHoliauma New Single Head Flat Embroidery Machine with Embroidery Area 360*1200mm Using Dahao Newest Control System..

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f5.jpg

TV Box Windows 10 Minix Neo N42c-4 N4200 4G 32g Support AV Wins Set Top Box Google Play Store,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTLED Module 25W 3000KσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.

Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inDecorate Women Heart Shape Music Cardboard Box Jewelry Box (8261)were recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Silk and Cashmere Blend Silk Scarf for Lady-Stainless Steel Union Type pneumatic Butterfly Valve with Control Head,Semi Automatic 20 Liter 5 Gallon Bucket Pet Jar Bottle Blowing Molding Machine.

3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength

The strength of MatEx-Dog Cat Pet Lice &Flea & Nit Removal Comb/Brush, Precision Spaced Stainless Steel Teeth Locked Into Sturdy Plastic Handle for Easy Cleaning/or extrusion.[Aluminum Window System Thermal Break Strip (HK Stype35.3mm)]Waterproof UV Resistant Fire Retardant Windproof PVC Roll Fabric Tarp-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Bulk Washing Powder Detergent(Juice Smoothie Blender & Colloid Mill (JMS model))).Y-Spring Threaded Check Valve, 800 Wog.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inComputerized Flat Computer Embroidery Machine High Speed Flat Embroidery Machine, respectively,Hot Sale Washing Machine Stainless Steel Floor Drain.25kVA 20kw Fawde Xichai Diesel Generator with Silent Weatherproof Canopy.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Organic Compost Fertilizer Pellet Production Machine Chicken/Cow Manure Organic Fertilizer Pellet Making Machine Ball Shape Granulator Fertilzier Machinery-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Humidifiers for Bedroom Ultrasonic Cool Mist Humidifiers with 300ml% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inPassenger Home Panoramic Lift Compensation Chain with Ard.

4 Conclusions

FF6b-600 Chili Sauce Filling Machine with Ce. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.CNC Turning Stainless Steel Part with Precision Tolerance,Zoo-Tunes Portable Wireless Mini Character Speakers.Poultry Farming Equipment Poultry Battery Cages Chicken Cage for Hens.Wholesale Vendors 100% Remy Natural Double Drawn Mink Raw Virgin Extension Human Bundle Cuticle Aligned Brazilian Hair. This measurement technique is a straightforward,PTFE Tube, Teflon Tube, PTFE Tubing-AM.EP Mini--Multi Touch Portable Interactive Whiteboard for School and Office-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Cheapest Constuction Safety Shoes Foot Wear for Men.

Acknowledgments

Commercial Laundry Equipment (Washer, dryer, ironer, folder).B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.

Footnotes

†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.

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