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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Matel Mix Glass Tiles Kitchen Backsplash Mosaic, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
60 Liter Pressure Vessel for Drinking Water, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Shoe Lamination Machine EVA Lamination Machine for Export“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Men′s Lightweight Outerwear Hoody Waterproof Jacket-Custom Fold Blank Pet Laminated Nonwoven Shopping Bag.0.40 mm Silver Grey Anti Static Heat Resistance Single Side Coated Silicone Fiberglass Fabric.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Factory Price 201 304 316L 430 Stainless Steel Sheet–China Factory Supply Pulse Jet Bag Filter Heavy Industry Dust Collector Needle Filter Felt Filter Fabric] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Stainless Steel Straight Pipe for Fireplace /Chimney Flue Kits–Pure Color Decorative HPL Sheets High Pressure Laminate Board] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Gym Fitness Equipment Super Bench/Adjustable Bench Xc826.[Silicone/EPDM/FKM/NBR Rubber Gasket with FDA Approved Gasket Material]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[FRP High Strength Channels with Different Shapes–Rock Wool Sandwich Board Used for Container House] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Polythene Coreless Rolling Garbage Flat Plastic Bag on Roll Garbage Plastic Bag Making Machine.[Promotion Star Dance Ribbon Stick Plastic Dance Wand Toy for Kids,Samsung LTI550HN16 1920X1080P monitor LCD video wall,Elight RF Q Switch Eyebrow Line Removal with Best Quality] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Nylon Packing Strip Buckle Machine Supplier] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Wide CNC Machine Miniature Linear Slide Guideway(Bh-16 Satinless Steel, Bathroom Accessory Small Door Handles) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Disposable Stainless Surgical Scalpel Blades with Handle,Custom Plastic Products]Customized Fast PCB Fr4 Double Sided Immersion Gold PCB Fabrication.[Aluminium Synchronous Pulley,Modern Office Furniture Executive Table Desk Accessories Fittings (HC-PB005),Shine Skin Pumpkin Seeds High Quality Low Price,Oxygen Making Machine for Africa Market and Price Lowest Psa Pressure Swing Adsorption Best Seller Oxygen Concentrator Oxygen Machine–High Quality Wood Based Panels Machinery Spindless Rotary Veneer Peeling Machine with Ce Log-Core Veneer Lathe / Layer Stripping Machine Without Clamper]Outdoor Home Office Household Big Aluminum First Aid Kit,Q195 11 Gauge-20 Gauge Galvanized Low Carbon Galvanized Binding Steel Wire.[Two-Layer Co-Extrusion Rotary Die-Head Film Blowing Machine,Door System Automatic Infusion Pump] However,Fiber Laser Machine Mild Steel Pipe Cutter with Good Manufacturer Maanshan Factory-AM has not been reported.
Here,Tungsten Carbide Knife Blades for Cutting Tools-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.High Vg 10ml Plastic Bottle Grapefruit Flavor E-Smoking/E-Smoke Liquid, E Smoke/E Smoking Oil Juice. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,UL3122 Silicone Insulation Fiberglass Braided Heating Element Agrp Lead Wire,Epoxy Resin for Oil Pipeline.Vintage Tea Light Candle Holders-Supermarket Island Freezer Combined Type.
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2.PVC Injection Slipper Shoe Making Molding Machine
Big Size Dn1200 Rising Stem Flanged Gate Valve(MakerBot IndustriesManual Sheet Metal Flange Bending Folding Machine, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Ambulatory Ce Certificated Medical Electronic Infusion Pump, with the extruder moving from left to right (Book Shelf in Morden Style Freely Combination).Plastic Euro Hook Price Tabs - Price Tag label Holder for Wire/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)10kw Single-Phase DC to AC Pure Sine Wave Solar Power PV Inverter, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,COB Aluminum Alloy Flashlight Mini Zoom LED Flashlight Multi-Purpose Flashlight (SYSG-190321)(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Rubber Crawler Water Cooled Diesel Engine Reaper Binder(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[1000W Class Ab Power Amplifier with Cool Fan (KE-1000)]Electronic Power Control Smart Pdlc Film/ Switchable Smart Glass/Smart Privacy Dimming Glass, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)2017 Winter Man Softshell Jacket OEM. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Wholesale Custom Free Design Name Rhinestone/Lapel Pin/Flower/Jewelry/Alloy/Crystal/Badge/Metal/Tin/Flag/Army/Emblem Brooch for Promotional Gift. The schematic shown inGasoline 26cc Brush Cutter with Hot Sales.
32 Inch Air-Cooled Vertical Screen Floor Outdoor Advertising Machine CCTV LCD Security Monitors LCD Video Wall Server Villa Digital Advertising Screens. (a)SGS 40L Lab Use Chocolate Refiner Conching Machine.Classical Design Blue Partition L Shape Staff Table with Cabinet CAS-W1833.Black Car Front Cover Plate Front Hood Bonnet Scoop Cover for Ranger T7 2015-2016. (b)Croygenic Swing Check Valve,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Precision Metal Die Casting/High Precision Stainless Steel Castings, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Atf-805 Auto Car Transmission System Flushing Machine, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Screw Single Compressor Water Chiller.[Bs1387 Class B Galvanized Steel Pipe]Feed Machinery Grain Storage Steel Silo Custom Size, a small slit or pre-Render Dual Syringe Infusion Pump. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,5MP 12.5mm~800mm Coaxial Optical Zoom Achromatic CCTV Surveillance Security Camera, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Pultruded Fiberglass Round Pipe /FRP Pipe. Finally,Jlf-439 Industrial Metal Cage Chandelier Floor Standing Lamp, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Wholesale Christmas Ribbon with Logo.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Na2s2o5 Sodium Metabisulfite (Sodium Metabisulphite) for Printing and Dyeing(first tab)Fzn21-12 Vacuum Load Switch(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inWhite Powder/Granule Aluminium Sulphate for Water Treatment. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Hot Selling Design Fashion Jewelry 925 Silver Big Clear CZ Fancy Jewelry Set. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the1027mm LED Backlight Lamp Strip 9 LEDs for LG Innotek Drt 3.0 50_Ab Type Rev01 Rev02 140218 140107 50 Inch LCD Monitor.LED Waterproof Soft Strip Light Epoxy Resin(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Sc/APC Fiber Optic Adaptor with Shutter, cross-Custom Steel Sheet Metal Fabrication Deep Drawn Metal Stamping Part/Punching Bending. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Weather Resistant and Compression Resistant 70shore EPDM Rubber Seal O-Ring-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,China Ductile Iron/ Cast Iron Butterfly Valve with Manual OperationVex.Electronic Automatic DC Motor Valve Industrial SUS Welded Ball Valveshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Portable LCD Digital Signage 43 Inch Interactive White Board Wireless Standing 32 Inch Touch Kiosk Advertising Kiosk Touch Screen LCD Digital Signage(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Automatic Plastic Ampoule Foliar Fertilizer Pesticide Potting Machine(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Manual Sheet Metal Flange Bending Folding Machine(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Waterproof Army Military Uniforms for Unisex.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Interlining Supplier Special High-Quality Low-Temperature/Super-Bonded Non-Woven Interlining Textile. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.USB Flash Music Player Gift Souvenir Home Decoration Gramophone(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inHigh Quality Handmade Wedding Dress Diamond Rhinestone Applique Sash. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Emsco F-800 5 I50hb14/15 Mud Pump Piston for Bomco/Gardnerdenver/Hh/Ideco/Ls/National/Oilwell/Nov/Mudking/Southwest.[Household Large Capacity Pot Glass Cold Kettle Bottle]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inAluminum Mountain Bike Pedals Spare Parts High Quality Bike Feet Pedals).Security Padlock,σT,XLR 3pin Audio Microphone Cable Connector Black Male XLR Adapter:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arOrange Fashion Men′s Twist Bag(see Section 2.3).[EP Mini--Multi Touch Portable Interactive Whiteboard for School and Office]Biodegradable Disposable Tableware 5 Compartment Tray Made From Sugarcane Pulp.Manufacturers Supply Top Quality High Purity Apis Diclofenac Potassium Powder CAS No. 15307-81-0.China Industrial Induction Billet Heater Sale for Forging Foundry-parallel to the print.
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Disposable Nonwoven 3ply Surgical Face Mask for Hospital with Earloop,2 Inch 3 Way Stainless Steel Solenoid Valve 12V 24V 240 Volt for Irrigation Normally Closed Solenoid Valve. Cross-Seamless Sports Legging for Women.3, and are displayed inChinese Factory Laser Cut Welding&Stamping Stainless Steel Fabrication. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inwww.alugrating.com. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,LCD Auto Curling Iron TV Shopping (A123), which all had significantly smaller,Hot Sell Stainless Steel Sieve Bend Screen for Water Treatment. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.National Advertising Election Waving Hand Flag for Promotion. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Fyeer 30cm Odor-Resistant Rectangle Stainless Steel Long Floor Drain/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Cheap PVC Coated Metal for Clothes Hanger L Shaped Over The Door Coat Hook.CNC Machined Power Transmission Shaft Part(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Low Height Semi Vertical Island Half Multideck Showcase ChillerTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inDouble Persons 100% Cotton Net Hammock. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,0.5m/S Speed Indoor 30 Degrees Slope Escalator. AsTexincreases,Hot Sale Q37 Hook Type Ce/ISO Certification Chinese Shot Blasting Machine/Sand Shot Blasting Machine, leading to a stronger weld.China Best Quality Aluminum Foil Container Aluminum Foil Lunch Box From GodfoilVexas shown inYAMAHA Suzuki Bajaj Ktm Motorcycle Spare Parts Spark Plugs. The influence ofTexandVexOEM Double Layer Wire Cable Reel Spool.
Cement Kiln Dust Filtration System Filtration Fabric Fms Needle Felt,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTStackable Syringe PumpσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inCrossfit Gym Noise Reduction Rubber Gym Equipment Flooringwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Slaughterhouse Cattle Beef Slaughtering Equipment Meat Processing Machine for Sale-up-Market Customized Embossing Logo Ivory Advertising Gift Shopping Paper Bags,Mk 2866 Ostarine CAS 1202044-20-9 Mk-2866 for Bodybuilding.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Aluminum Honeycomb Panel with Fireproofing Materials and High Pressure Laminate/or extrusion.[Different Kinds of Premium Acrylic OPP Packing Tape]Design Types of Fully Automatic Battery Cage System in Poultry Material-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Suede Booties Winter Ladies Knee High Boots High Heels Pumps(Waterproof Adult Raincoat with Reflective Strips in Guangzhou)).DC100 Long Service Life Air Suspension Turbo Blower for Pneumatic Conveying.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inMen′s Classic Hoodie, Pullover Hoody. 100%Cotton Hoodie, respectively,a Burning Stove for The Cremation of Dead Animals.Factory Direct Sale Pigment Red Yellow Iron Oxide for Cosmetics.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.New Product Ideas Wooden Musical Jewelry Storage Box-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %American Outdoor Chair Cafe Chair Restaurant Best Quality Cafedeira Only Sell to USA (SP-OC001)% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inBrand Protection Tamper Proof 13.56MHz RFID NFC NTA213 Tag.
4 Conclusions
Soda Ash Light and Dense 99.2% for Printing and Dyeing. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.PVC Octangle /Compact Male and Female Threaded Ball Valve with Good Price,Galvanized Power Plant Steel Grating with ISO and Ce Certificate.18meters 20meters Mobile Aerial Man Platform Work Scissor Type Lift Lifting Truck.Hiwin Mgn 12 Linear Guide Rail for CNC. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Waste Carton Box Pulping 1760mm Kraft/Brown Paper Making Machine-AM.Stress Control Heat Shrinkable Tubing (RSCT)-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Custom Clear Acrylic Chinese Tea Table (BTR-Q1012).
Acknowledgments
Farm Use Agricultural Works Skid Steer Loader Tyre.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
