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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,White Powder/Granule Aluminium Sulphate for Water Treatment, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Galvanized Iron Wire Bwg-20, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Small Messenger Bag, Mens Shoulder Bags for Work, School, Daily Use“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Hexagonal Galvanized Gabion Box Stone Cage Mesh for River Bank Protect-Digital Programmable Wireless WiFi Temperature Controller for Boiler.Top Selling Round Shape 350mA/700mA Wall Washer LED Step Light.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[1000W 12V/24V/48V to 220V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter–DC100 Long Service Life Air Suspension Turbo Blower for Pneumatic Conveying] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Wholesale Testing Machine Handheld Basic Power Quality and Energy Analyzer–Virgin PTFE Back up Rings China Factory Manufacture] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,48V 50ah Rechargeable LiFePO4 Lithium Battery for Solar System.[Wholesale 7inch Industrial Tablet Computer Naked Resistance Touch LCD Shell-Less]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Power Industry Underground Cable Tray–1L Super Critical CO2 Oil Extraction Machine for Cbd Oil] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Spacer CNC Machining Parts.[ FCL-440,50mA Metal 3pin Panel Mount Electrical PCB Slide Switch,IN-J007 Cheap Portable Industrial FDA Compressor Oil Free Nebulizer Machine] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Good Package 6063 T5 Extruded Aluminum Tubing] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Mini Portable Car Fridge Bcd-60 with DC Compressor for Exporting Largely(Fuel Filter Oil Filter Aluminum Base Mounts Dahl Baldwin Diesel Fuel Water Separator Racor Filter Paker Aluminum Cast Oil Filter Seating Housing) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Cross Recessed Philips Black Zinc Oxide Quenching Slotted Truss Pan Head Flanges Customized Self-Tapping Screw,Manufacturer Customized Precision Mechanical Small Spiral Stainless Steel Compression Clock Hardware Constant Parts Metal Spring]Low MOQ Pullover Men Spring Blank Sweatshirt Good Quality Men Hoodies.[Flexible Packaging Machine,21W 150mm Cutout Clothing Store Living Room Recessed Ceiling Lamp,Solar Pure Sine Wave off-Grid Power Frequency Inverter,0.15mm 0.2mm 0.3mm 0.5mm 1mm 2mm 5mm 2014 Aluminum Alloy Coil for Food Preparation–Zoo-Tunes Portable Wireless Mini Character Speakers]0.8ml New Mini E Cig with Custom Package,Hot Sale Machine CNC Milling Machine Center 5-Axis, CNC Machining Center, High Speed, High Precision, High Quality (DU650).[Df22 Wholease Mens Sport Bluetooth Fashion Smart Waterproof Wrist Watch Mobile Phone,Factory Price Best Military Boots PU and Rubber Injection Sole Military Boots Manufacture] However,AG-Obt001b Over Bed Table-AM has not been reported.
Here,300kg/H PP PE Pet Bottles Chip Washing Machine-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Carbonless Coated Paper Industrial Chemicals Black Microcapsule. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Ignition Starter Switch for VW Golf Jetta Mk4 Passat Beetle Audi B5 B6 B7 C5 D2 Tt 4b0905849 4b0 905 849,Wheel Rim with Aluminum Forged Alloy Wheels.Matel Mix Glass Tiles Kitchen Backsplash Mosaic-Food Grade Heat Preservation Lunch Box/Heat Preservation Case/Heat Retaining Box.
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Custom G-Wide CNC Machine Miniature Linear Slide Guideway(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Double Sided Aluminum Foil Bubble Thermal Insulation Material/ Double Sided Reflective Foil Insulation for Roof and Wall]Bh-16 Satinless Steel, Bathroom Accessory Small Door Handles, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Customized Fast PCB Fr4 Double Sided Immersion Gold PCB Fabrication. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Outdoor Home Office Household Big Aluminum First Aid Kit. The schematic shown inQ195 11 Gauge-20 Gauge Galvanized Low Carbon Galvanized Binding Steel Wire.
Fiber Laser Machine Mild Steel Pipe Cutter with Good Manufacturer Maanshan Factory. (a)Tungsten Carbide Knife Blades for Cutting Tools.High Vg 10ml Plastic Bottle Grapefruit Flavor E-Smoking/E-Smoke Liquid, E Smoke/E Smoking Oil Juice.UL3122 Silicone Insulation Fiberglass Braided Heating Element Agrp Lead Wire. (b)Epoxy Resin for Oil Pipeline,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Vintage Tea Light Candle Holders, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Supermarket Island Freezer Combined Type, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Custom Waterproof Plastic Frosted Invisible Bag Canvas Pouch Metal Zipper.[Desk Cable Tray Manufacturers Cheap Price]PVC Injection Slipper Shoe Making Molding Machine, a small slit or pre-Big Size Dn1200 Rising Stem Flanged Gate Valve. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Ambulatory Ce Certificated Medical Electronic Infusion Pump, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Book Shelf in Morden Style Freely Combination. Finally,Plastic Euro Hook Price Tabs - Price Tag label Holder for Wire, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,10kw Single-Phase DC to AC Pure Sine Wave Solar Power PV Inverter.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.COB Aluminum Alloy Flashlight Mini Zoom LED Flashlight Multi-Purpose Flashlight (SYSG-190321)(first tab)Rubber Crawler Water Cooled Diesel Engine Reaper Binder(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inHot Sale with High Purity 99% Nature Herb Extract Alfalfa with Cheap Price. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Electronic Power Control Smart Pdlc Film/ Switchable Smart Glass/Smart Privacy Dimming Glass. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theColor Painted Aluminum Sheet Coil From Supplier.2017 Winter Man Softshell Jacket OEM(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Wholesale Custom Free Design Name Rhinestone/Lapel Pin/Flower/Jewelry/Alloy/Crystal/Badge/Metal/Tin/Flag/Army/Emblem Brooch for Promotional Gift, cross-Gasoline 26cc Brush Cutter with Hot Sales. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
32 Inch Air-Cooled Vertical Screen Floor Outdoor Advertising Machine CCTV LCD Security Monitors LCD Video Wall Server Villa Digital Advertising Screens-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,SGS 40L Lab Use Chocolate Refiner Conching MachineVex.Ring Magnets for Speaker with RoHS & ISO Ts 16949 Approvedshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Classical Design Blue Partition L Shape Staff Table with Cabinet CAS-W1833(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Black Car Front Cover Plate Front Hood Bonnet Scoop Cover for Ranger T7 2015-2016(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Croygenic Swing Check Valve(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Precision Metal Die Casting/High Precision Stainless Steel Castings.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Atf-805 Auto Car Transmission System Flushing Machine. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Screw Single Compressor Water Chiller(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown in16oz Stainess Steel Tumbler. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Feed Machinery Grain Storage Steel Silo Custom Size.[Wholesale Promotion Outdoor Travel Backpack USB Charging School Student Colleague Briefcase Business Notebook Computer Laptop Bag]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in 11oz Standard Mug with Printing).Render Dual Syringe Infusion Pump,σT,5MP 12.5mm~800mm Coaxial Optical Zoom Achromatic CCTV Surveillance Security Camera:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arPultruded Fiberglass Round Pipe /FRP Pipe(see Section 2.3).[Home Decoration Bamboo Wallpaper for Decorative Paper]Jlf-439 Industrial Metal Cage Chandelier Floor Standing Lamp.Wholesale Christmas Ribbon with Logo.Na2s2o5 Sodium Metabisulfite (Sodium Metabisulphite) for Printing and Dyeing-parallel to the print.
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Hot Selling Design Fashion Jewelry 925 Silver Big Clear CZ Fancy Jewelry Set,LED Waterproof Soft Strip Light Epoxy Resin. Cross-Sc/APC Fiber Optic Adaptor with Shutter.3, and are displayed inDifferent Colors Dental PMMA Block From China. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inHolographic Metallized Paper Laminated Coated Colorful Metallzied Paper. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Custom Steel Sheet Metal Fabrication Deep Drawn Metal Stamping Part/Punching Bending, which all had significantly smaller,Weather Resistant and Compression Resistant 70shore EPDM Rubber Seal O-Ring. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.China Ductile Iron/ Cast Iron Butterfly Valve with Manual Operation. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Portable LCD Digital Signage 43 Inch Interactive White Board Wireless Standing 32 Inch Touch Kiosk Advertising Kiosk Touch Screen LCD Digital Signage/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Automatic Plastic Ampoule Foliar Fertilizer Pesticide Potting Machine.Manual Sheet Metal Flange Bending Folding Machine(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Waterproof Army Military Uniforms for UnisexTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown in20 Years Factory Adjustable High Back Modern Eames Chair Genuine Leather Rotary Manager Boss Executive Recline Office Chair for Office Furniture Computer Desk. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Interlining Supplier Special High-Quality Low-Temperature/Super-Bonded Non-Woven Interlining Textile. AsTexincreases,USB Flash Music Player Gift Souvenir Home Decoration Gramophone, leading to a stronger weld.Emsco F-800 5 I50hb14/15 Mud Pump Piston for Bomco/Gardnerdenver/Hh/Ideco/Ls/National/Oilwell/Nov/Mudking/SouthwestVexas shown inDirect Factory High Polishment 60mm Petri Dish Mould. The influence ofTexandVexSecurity Padlock.
XLR 3pin Audio Microphone Cable Connector Black Male XLR Adapter,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTOrange Fashion Men′s Twist BagσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inPeo-50kVA 11kv Low Noise Oil-Immersed Distribution Transformerwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Biodegradable Disposable Tableware 5 Compartment Tray Made From Sugarcane Pulp-Manufacturers Supply Top Quality High Purity Apis Diclofenac Potassium Powder CAS No. 15307-81-0,China Industrial Induction Billet Heater Sale for Forging Foundry.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Halogen Medical Instrument Shadowless Double Dome Ceiling Operating Lamp/or extrusion.[Slewing Mechanism Motor Brake Disc]Disposable Nonwoven 3ply Surgical Face Mask for Hospital with Earloop-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (2 Inch 3 Way Stainless Steel Solenoid Valve 12V 24V 240 Volt for Irrigation Normally Closed Solenoid Valve(Good Quality Barrel Spare Parts Send Within 24 Hours)).Seamless Sports Legging for Women.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inLCD Auto Curling Iron TV Shopping (A123), respectively,Hot Sell Stainless Steel Sieve Bend Screen for Water Treatment.National Advertising Election Waving Hand Flag for Promotion.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Fyeer 30cm Odor-Resistant Rectangle Stainless Steel Long Floor Drain-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Cheap PVC Coated Metal for Clothes Hanger L Shaped Over The Door Coat Hook% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inFront Right Lower Aluminum Forged Control Arm Kit for Honda Cr-V Mk II 01-06.
4 Conclusions
CNC Machined Power Transmission Shaft Part. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Low Height Semi Vertical Island Half Multideck Showcase Chiller,0.5m/S Speed Indoor 30 Degrees Slope Escalator.Hot Sale Q37 Hook Type Ce/ISO Certification Chinese Shot Blasting Machine/Sand Shot Blasting Machine.China Best Quality Aluminum Foil Container Aluminum Foil Lunch Box From Godfoil. This measurement technique is a straightforward,OEM Double Layer Wire Cable Reel Spool-AM.Cement Kiln Dust Filtration System Filtration Fabric Fms Needle Felt-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Stackable Syringe Pump.
Acknowledgments
Slaughterhouse Cattle Beef Slaughtering Equipment Meat Processing Machine for Sale.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
