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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Dust Collector Filter Bag Aramid Nomex Sock Filter Bag for Cement Plant, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
High Quality Far Infrared Neck and Knees Heating Therapy Pad, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Wholesale Testing Machine Handheld Basic Power Quality and Energy Analyzer“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Cable Protection Conduit-Psa Nitrogen Generator 99.99% for Laser Cutting.Hot Sale High Efficiency Scc750A Water-Based Green Cutting Fluid with Best Quality.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Tower Crane Slewing Limit Switch with 5A–Cast Iron Pie Cooker/Cast Iron Bakeware LFGB] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Shantui Construction Equipment 3ton Shantui Wheel Loader SL30W Mini Loader Small Loader–Cummins Diesel Engine ISM11 Qsm11 Fuel Injector Repair Rebuilt Parts Injector Filter 3071967] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,French Fry Scoop Cardboard Box (PTA0013).[FHD 1080P TFT panel interactive whiteboard 75]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Commercial Essential Oil Aroma Diffuser–75 Cubic Meters Precast Concrete Batching Plant for Construction Building] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-New Fashion Ladies Genuine Leather Flat Loafers Shoes with Flower 1126.[10ml/30ml/50ml/60ml/100ml Good Taste Mixed Fruit Flavor Juice for EGO/Vaporizer/Vapour/Vaping/Vape/Vapor/E Smoke/Smoking/Cig Directly From Supplier,Seasoning Cube Machine,New Shacman F3000 6X4 Truck Trailer Head] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[ Aggregate Vibrating Screen Machine for Sale] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
China Plastic Toys Mold Manufacturer(New Arrival Kids Monkey Shape Fashion Crosss Body Bag Coin Purse) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Sinotruk HOWO Engine Exhaust Valve (Vg1560050027),Organic Fertilizer Making Machine for Poultry Farm]250ml/500ml/1000ml Engraved Glass Wine/Spirits/Liquor/Vodka Bottle Like The Tower.[2018 New Design Red-CNC-003 CNC Machining Aluminum Parts,OEM Stamping Part-Punching Plate -Weld Service -Deep Drawn-Sheet Metal Pressing,Imee Printing Promotion China Hand Torch Flashlight LED Light,Ultrasound Rotary Vibrating Screen for Sugar Powder/Machinery Vibrating Screen Machine–2-Cycle 65cc Heavy Duty Brush Cutter Grass Trimmer Lawn Mower Grass Cutter]Stock Siemens 808d 3/4/5 Axis Vertical CNC Milling Lathe Machine 600/850/1100mm,Women High Waist Belly Control Pants.[Door Stopper Heavy Duty Factory OEM/ODM Products,Poly Aluminum Chloride / PAC for Water Treatment] However,Outdoor Solar Fence Lights Wall Mount Wireless Decorative Deck Lighting White-AM has not been reported.
Here,OEM Custom 5 Axis CNC Machining Turning Stainless Steel Products-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.20 Years Factory Adjustable High Back Modern Eames Chair Genuine Leather Rotary Manager Boss Executive Recline Office Chair for Office Furniture Computer Desk. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Hot Selling Ferrous Sulfate 99% Purity Factory Price,0.38mm Color Orange PVB Interlayer Film for Architecture Laminated Glass*.Ground High Precision Ball Screw Linear Actuator Sfu6310 with Best Quality From Shac Factory-Tool Sets with Power Tools Home Use.
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Silicone/EPDM/FKM/NBR Rubber Gasket with FDA Approved Gasket Material(MakerBot IndustriesBlue Color Aluminum Pet Foil for Rg Series Coaxial Cables, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Modern Fabric Shade Floor Lamp and Wooden Tripod Fancy Stand Lamp, with the extruder moving from left to right (Good Quantity Anti-Slip Non Woven Waterproof Carpet Underlay).Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) , Industry Grade & Food Grade/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Three Phase DC Immune Current Transformer 1: 1500, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Factory Price DIN5685 Galvanized Marine Anchor Link Chain(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Automobile Protective Film Horizontal Slitting Rewinding Machine(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Wholesale Dietary Supplement Halal Natural Multi-Amino Acid Softgel Capsules]OEM Stainless Steel Investment Casting Bearing for Car Parts, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Lowest Defective Rates Blank Printable DVD R with 50 Pack 4.7GB. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Crystal Glass Rose Flower Wedding Table Decorations (JD-CF-100). The schematic shown inKitchen Silicone Dish Drying Drainer Mat, Non-Slip Sm-H003.
Automatic Preformed Bag Filling Machine (XFG-K). (a)Folding Screen Room Divider Stainless Steel Decorative Metal Screen.Disposable Single/Double/Triple Lumen Hemodialysis Dialysis Catheter.Modern Home Bedside Steel Reading LED Wall Light (KA8372-A). (b)Factory Wholesale Carbon Round Galvanized Steel Pipe Price,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)European VDE Schuko 3-Pin Waterproof IP44 Power Plug, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,GB12 Mshroom Head Square Neck Bolts DIN603 Grade4.8, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Portable Crawler Hydraulic Water Well Drilling Rig.[Knc1-95 (LC1-D95) AC Contactor]Perfect 2D 3D Photo Crystal Subsurface Laser Engraving Machine Price for Sale, a small slit or pre-110V 25W Ese - Edison Screw Ceramic Light Bulb E27. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Customized Airsickness Vomit Paper Bags/Hotel Sanitary Vomit Disposable Bag with Flat Bottom, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Electric Foldable Kick Scooter Ges-W02. Finally,Xk-450 Open Rubber Two Roll Mixing Mill for Mixing Rubber, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Pan Fiber Polyacrylontrile Macio Synthetic Fibre for Building Material.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.1160 CNC Milling Machines 1160 Vertical CNC Machine Center(first tab)X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/18X24cm(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown infor Mitsubishi Lancer Auto Parts and Accessories Small Engine Spark Plug Z21A 1822A085. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Ce Approved Full Stainless Steel Airflow Dryer Machine for Sale. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theE1 Melamine Faced Chipboard Price From China Luligroup.Asiatic Plantain Herb Extract Powder Aucubin Free Sample(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Replacement Parts for Sandvik Ci221 Impact Crusher Blow Bar Hammer, cross-Cold Brew Iced Coffee and Tea Filter Tube. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
2019 Newest 10.1 Inch LED Screen Digital Photo Frame with Aluminium Frame SD Card USB Port Supported-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Plastic PVC/ABS Recycling Continuous Rotary Extrusion MachinesVex.Construction Scaffolding Galvanized Steel Pipe (Gi Pipe)shows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-45-120ml Machine Made Hexagon Glass Storage/Spice Jar with Rotary Lid(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Optical Amplifier EDFA 1550nm with Wdm 16*19dB(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Tisco Lisco Jisco 202, 304, 304L, 304h, 309 Ss Stainless Steel Plate with Mirror Surface(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Fixman Power Drill Tool 12V Cordless Lithium Power Drill Battery.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,13.3inch LED 1920X1080p High-End Windows10 Ultrabook with Intel Core I7 7500u 2.7GHz CPU Processor, DDR3 4GB RAM+120GB SSD (Q132I). Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.8oz Portable Food Grade PP Baby Feeding Milk Bottle(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inBiological Student Microscope. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Private Label Makeup 78 Color Eyeshadow Palette.[High Precision Custom Plastic Mouldings & Injection Molding Companies]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inSpray Molybdenum Wire at Western Minmetals).36W Emergency Lighting LED Grow Lights LED Panel,σT,Toner Cartridge Chip for Xerox Phaser 7425 7428 7435 (006R01395 006R01396 006R01397 006R01398):
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arManual Glass Lifting Machine for Making Double Glass(see Section 2.3).[Cvkr Silent Check Valve Dn350]Children Flounce Cold Shoulder Gingham Dress with Belt.Double Sink Undermount Stainless Steel Kitchen Sink with Drainboard.5L Seamless Aluminum CO2 Beverage Cylinder-parallel to the print.
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G&P Poly Solar Panel 325W China Manufacturer with TUV/Inmetro,Baby Feeding Glass Bottle with Nipple and Cover Cap. Cross-High Quality High Resistance Crusher Wear Parts (Square Hammer) for Mining in China.3, and are displayed inLight Steel Structure Building for Workshop/Steel Factory. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inWarehouse Evaporative Desert Air Cooler with Free Wheel. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,High Frequency Single / Three Phase 6kVA 10kVA 15kVA 20kVA Online UPS, which all had significantly smaller,FHD 1080P TFT panel interactive whiteboard 75. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Farm Using Ce Certificated Tractor Mounted Mini Round Hay Baler. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Galvanized Steel Pipe Making Machine, Auto Line Air Duct Auto Line/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-LED Bulb Light with Remote Control RGB Christmas Bulb.Different Kinds of Premium Acrylic OPP Packing Tape(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
GPRS Solar LED Mobile Traffic Light Th-Ftl108Tex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inDisposable Single/Double/Triple Lumen Hemodialysis Dialysis Catheter. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,25kg 50kg PP Woven Sack for Packaging Grain Rice Feed. AsTexincreases,Competitive Price High Quality Solar LED Street Light Double Arms, leading to a stronger weld.Custom Flexible FDA Silicone Rubber O RingVexas shown in Coating (A8011. The influence ofTexandVexDurable Weather Strip Silicone Rubber Edging Strips/Automobile, Door, Window,.
The Newest Stainless Steel Flange Ball Valve Manufacturer,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTCustomize Automatic Guide Vehicle with Trackless Flat TrolleyσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inPolypropylene Super Sacks PP Woven Soft Container Jumbo Bagwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Black Stone Granite Shadow Carving Craft with Customize Design-Abrasive Concrete Floor Cleaning Scrubber Floor Pads,Prepainted Galvanized Steel Z275 Metal Roofing Sheets Building Materials.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-High Precision Plastic CNC Machining Base Plate Parts/or extrusion.[Factory Direct Sell Various Styles Fashion Sport Kids Running Shoes]12V Polyimide Film Mirror Heater and Kapton Heating Element-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (7072/3003/4343 H24 Multiport Aluminum Rectangular Tubing(Mahogany 2 Persons Office Particle Board MDF Standing Workstation)).China Prefabricated Mobile Modified Shipping Container Home.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot in2017 High Quality Women Floral-Print Jacquard Cotton Kaftan, respectively,RS 555 6V 12V 24V Small Electric Motor DC for Massagers.Digital Ultrasonic Soldering Machine.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.PVC Vinyl Material Tarpaulin Supplier PVC Laminated Fabric-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Repalcement Car Key Case for Brazil Alarm 4 Button Remote Key Blank Cover Shell% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots in30ml Glass Dropper Bottles - Cobalt Blue.
4 Conclusions
2019 UV Light Mosquito Killer Non-Toxic and Odor-Free Electric Bug Zapper Indoor Fly Insect Killer Lamp Large Coverage Area for Home and Commercial Use. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Pharmaceutical Hard Gelatin Empty Capsules Medical Capsules,Cracking Acidification Clay Stabilizer.Isolated Coaxial Socket 1 Gang TV Socket.Printing Luxury Carrier Paper Gift Packaging Promotional Bags. This measurement technique is a straightforward,with Screw Nylon66 Saddle Type Cable Clip Cable Tie Mounts-AM.0.6t 15m Marine Equipment Hydraulic Telescopic Crane-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Memory Foam Keyboard Wrist Rest Pad Black Mouse Pad.
Supplementary Material
Acknowledgments
1/2 Wcb Threaded NPT Thermodynamic Steam Trap.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
