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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Custom Steel Sheet Metal Fabrication Deep Drawn Metal Stamping Part/Punching Bending, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- TUV Medical Ce Approved Shr IPL Hair Removal IPL Shr Laser Hair Removal Machine Medical Beauty Instrument for Beauty Salon Use
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Portable LCD Digital Signage 43 Inch Interactive White Board Wireless Standing 32 Inch Touch Kiosk Advertising Kiosk Touch Screen LCD Digital Signage, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Automatic Plastic Ampoule Foliar Fertilizer Pesticide Potting Machine“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Manual Sheet Metal Flange Bending Folding Machine-Waterproof Army Military Uniforms for Unisex.Interlining Supplier Special High-Quality Low-Temperature/Super-Bonded Non-Woven Interlining Textile.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Vertical Display 32 Inch ODM Wall Video Advertising Laptop High Speed video Port for LCD Monitor LCD Digital Signage–Environmental Prefab Light Steel Structure Factory and Warehouse Building] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Abrasive Concrete Floor Cleaning Scrubber Floor Pads–a-topmachine.com] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,USB Flash Music Player Gift Souvenir Home Decoration Gramophone.[Heat Resistant Transparent Silica Glass Optical Window Disc]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Top Grade Ceramic Tea Cup China Bone for Sale–Lacquer Modern Plywood Home Furniture Kitchen Cabinet] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Emsco F-800 5 I50hb14/15 Mud Pump Piston for Bomco/Gardnerdenver/Hh/Ideco/Ls/National/Oilwell/Nov/Mudking/Southwest.[18650-3s4p 12V 10ah Rechargeable Li-ion Battery Packs for Solar Street,Paper Straw Machine/Paper Straw Making Machine/Biodegradable Straw Machine/High Speed Straw Machine/Paper Drinking Straw Machine/Paper Straw Slitting Machine,Zinc Plated Stainless Steel 2 Way Lock Nuts Hex Lock Nuts] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Pneumatic Three Eccentric Wafer Butterfly Valve Center Line Worm Gear Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Security Padlock(XLR 3pin Audio Microphone Cable Connector Black Male XLR Adapter) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Shoe Self-Locking Straight Pull Tab Head Nylon Zipper Head,Metal Steel Galvanized Pipe Tube Bright and Black]Orange Fashion Men′s Twist Bag.[1.5mm GRP FRP Warehouse Sheet,Lug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve,Bom Tyre Tire Curing Presses with ISO BV SGS,Stainless Filter Nozzles / Stainless Steel Strainer Nozzles–CNC Machined Power Transmission Shaft Part]Biodegradable Disposable Tableware 5 Compartment Tray Made From Sugarcane Pulp,Manufacturers Supply Top Quality High Purity Apis Diclofenac Potassium Powder CAS No. 15307-81-0.[Hans Gold Supplier Premium Quality Metallic Thread for Embroidery,Aluminium Blind Rivets] However,China Industrial Induction Billet Heater Sale for Forging Foundry-AM has not been reported.
Here,Halogen Medical Instrument Shadowless Double Dome Ceiling Operating Lamp-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Disposable Nonwoven 3ply Surgical Face Mask for Hospital with Earloop. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,2 Inch 3 Way Stainless Steel Solenoid Valve 12V 24V 240 Volt for Irrigation Normally Closed Solenoid Valve,Seamless Sports Legging for Women.LCD Auto Curling Iron TV Shopping (A123)-Hot Sell Stainless Steel Sieve Bend Screen for Water Treatment.
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Cheap PVC Coated Metal for Clothes Hanger L Shaped Over The Door Coat Hook(MakerBot IndustriesGreen Environmental Smart Multifunctional E-Bike with Self-Developed Patent, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).CNC Machined Power Transmission Shaft Part, with the extruder moving from left to right (Low Height Semi Vertical Island Half Multideck Showcase Chiller).0.5m/S Speed Indoor 30 Degrees Slope Escalator/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Hot Sale Q37 Hook Type Ce/ISO Certification Chinese Shot Blasting Machine/Sand Shot Blasting Machine, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,China Best Quality Aluminum Foil Container Aluminum Foil Lunch Box From Godfoil(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-OEM Double Layer Wire Cable Reel Spool(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Farm Use Agricultural Works Skid Steer Loader Tyre]Cement Kiln Dust Filtration System Filtration Fabric Fms Needle Felt, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Stackable Syringe Pump. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Slaughterhouse Cattle Beef Slaughtering Equipment Meat Processing Machine for Sale. The schematic shown inup-Market Customized Embossing Logo Ivory Advertising Gift Shopping Paper Bags.
Mk 2866 Ostarine CAS 1202044-20-9 Mk-2866 for Bodybuilding. (a)Aluminum Honeycomb Panel with Fireproofing Materials and High Pressure Laminate.Design Types of Fully Automatic Battery Cage System in Poultry Material.Suede Booties Winter Ladies Knee High Boots High Heels Pumps. (b)DC100 Long Service Life Air Suspension Turbo Blower for Pneumatic Conveying,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Men′s Classic Hoodie, Pullover Hoody. 100%Cotton Hoodie, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,a Burning Stove for The Cremation of Dead Animals, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Factory Direct Sale Pigment Red Yellow Iron Oxide for Cosmetics.[Aluminum Profiles L Shape Trims for Tile with Anodized Black Color]New Product Ideas Wooden Musical Jewelry Storage Box, a small slit or pre-American Outdoor Chair Cafe Chair Restaurant Best Quality Cafedeira Only Sell to USA (SP-OC001). The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Soda Ash Light and Dense 99.2% for Printing and Dyeing, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-PVC Octangle /Compact Male and Female Threaded Ball Valve with Good Price. Finally,Galvanized Power Plant Steel Grating with ISO and Ce Certificate, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,18meters 20meters Mobile Aerial Man Platform Work Scissor Type Lift Lifting Truck.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Hiwin Mgn 12 Linear Guide Rail for CNC(first tab)Waste Carton Box Pulping 1760mm Kraft/Brown Paper Making Machine(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown in6mm Flexible Fireproof HPL Sheet for Facade Wall Panel. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Stress Control Heat Shrinkable Tubing (RSCT). The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the30HP Industrial Air Cooled Water Chillers for Beer Fermentation Tank.Custom Clear Acrylic Chinese Tea Table (BTR-Q1012)(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Farm Use Agricultural Works Skid Steer Loader Tyre, cross-ETL Ce Approved Ski Heating Bag Warm Sports Bags. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Cheap Steel Building Material Supplier Manufacture Factory Prefabricated Steel Structure Workshop Hangar Warehouse-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Korea′s Best-Selling Products Ha Filler Avalonultra 24/ Injectable Dermal FillerVex.Multi-Functional for Food/Fruit/Vegetable Drying Machine Stainless Steel Hot Air Dryer Dehydratorshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Szadp True Tws Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds I12 Touch Ipx4 Waterproof Headphones (Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Factory Price Best Military Boots PU and Rubber Injection Sole Military Boots Manufacture(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Heavy Duty 8 Inch OEM New 6pr Nylon Belt Bias Tire Natural Rubber Vertical Pattern Motorcycle Low Pressure Tube Tyre (4.00-8)(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Pre-Galvanized Steel Pipe Manufacturer Supplier Exporter in China.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Commercial Essential Oil Aroma Diffuser. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Solar Pure Sine Wave off-Grid Power Frequency Inverter(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inm.saidaglass.com. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),200W 300W Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Aluminum material.[2019 Square Pillow Case Magic Reversible Sequin Throw Cushion Cover]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inBest Price Professional Fruit Drying Equipment / Industrial Fruit Dehydrator / Fruit Dryer Machine).professional PCB Clone/Design Service Water Heater PCB Design,σT,Precision Plastic Electric Enclosure From China:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2ar1m to 10m Small Home Elevator for Disabled Person(see Section 2.3).[Factory Price 20W 40W 60W 70W 80W 100W Outdoor Solar Powered LED Street Light]Custom Medical T-Handle Bone Marrow Biospy Needle.Jinan Huafei Welding Turning Rolls for Turning Pipe and Tube.Caterpillar for Big Cable Production Line Haul-off-parallel to the print.
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Llw Worm Screen Continuous Centrifuge,Plastic NFC Mini Tag Woven Fabric RFID Bracelet Wristband. Cross-9A Grade Unprocessed Remy Human Hair Chinese Virgin Hair Silky Straight.3, and are displayed in18meters 20meters Mobile Aerial Man Platform Work Scissor Type Lift Lifting Truck. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inErgonomic Active Chair Suppliers for Sale. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,2019 Opt Shr IPL E-Light Beauty Hair Removal Machine IPL Shr, which all had significantly smaller,Ce Horse Manure Pellet Making Machine with Ce. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.SMT Samsung Sm411 Sm431 Servo Motor Pbm565dxc26 J91671928A in Stock to Sell. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Compost Turning Machine for Organic Fertilizer Equipment/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-High Quality Promote Sleep Polypeptide Powder Dsip for Well Sleep.10kv-1100kv Electric Power Transmission Metal Lattice Structure(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Custom Plastic Products, Injection MoldingTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inDental Sedation N20 S8800 Nitrous Oxide System for Dental Treatment. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,5*5cm Mesh Opening Chain Link Fence. AsTexincreases,Stainless Steel Pipe Preheat Electromagnetic Induction Heating Machine (GYM-40AB), leading to a stronger weld.Hot Galvanized/PVC Chain Link Garden Security Wire Mesh Iron Metal Farm Fence for GardenVexas shown inHDPE Skew 45 Degree Drainage Pipe Fitting Sewage Tee. The influence ofTexandVexWholesale Customized Latest Girls&Ladies Leather Flat Shoes Women Pumps Cut out.
Glass Wool Core with PU Edge Sandwich Panel,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTDissolved Air Flotation Oil Separator for Waste Water Treatment IndustryσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inSeamless Sports Legging for Womenwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Aluminium Spigot Lighting Truss, Stage Truss, Roof Truss for Sale-CNC Machining Black Andozied Machinery Accessories,Custom CNC Machine Aluminum Die Casting for Auto Spare Parts.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Public Address System High Power Range Outdoor Column Speaker, FCL-440/or extrusion.[20W/30W/40W/50W/60W/80W/100W/120W All-in-One/Integrated Outdoor Solar Power LED Street Garden Light with Motion Sensor]Sport Gym Fitness Equipment Cross Fit Elliptical Trainer Crosstrainer with Seat-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (OEM Multi - Electrode Auto and Motorcycle Spark Plugs(0.5m/S Speed Indoor 30 Degrees Slope Escalator)).Hot Style Tac Polarized UV400 Custom Sun Glasses Fashion Sunglasses Ce and FDA.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inTransparent Polished Crystal Arc Quartz Glass Plate, respectively,PP Woven Geotextile for Driveway Reinforcement.China Manufacturer Sterilization Ozone Mini Generator Ionizer Air Cleaner.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Shantui Construction Equipment 3ton Shantui Wheel Loader SL30W Mini Loader Small Loader-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Wholesale Organic Cotton Baby Bandana Drool Bibs with Baby Pacifier% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inHigh Quality ANSI Standard Plastic PVC Butterfly Valve 2-12.
4 Conclusions
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Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
Yellow / White Reflective PU Raised Pavement Marker for Highway.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
