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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Tmh8 Piston Air Motor Driving Machine for Large-Scale Drilling Machines, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
20 Inch Aftermarket Aluminium Rims; Car Alloy Wheel, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,PPR PP HDPE PE Plastic Pipe Extrusion Machine/Production Machine“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Japan Type 300A Welding Consumables Earth Clamp-1027mm LED Backlight Lamp Strip 9 LEDs for LG Innotek Drt 3.0 50_Ab Type Rev01 Rev02 140218 140107 50 Inch LCD Monitor.Restaurant Furniture American Diner Booth Seating (HD651).
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[ Coating (A8011–Polypropylene Super Sacks PP Woven Soft Container Jumbo Bag] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Factory Direct Sell Various Styles Fashion Sport Kids Running Shoes–Fast Food Packaging] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Pet Dog Cat Hair Siliocone Remover Hair Soft Sticky Brush.[Mahogany 2 Persons Office Particle Board MDF Standing Workstation]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[30ml Glass Dropper Bottles - Cobalt Blue–Long Eyelash Lace Fashion Islamic Dress Modern Black Chiffon Muslim Dress Abaya Women Clothes] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Universal Shenzhen Supply Chain Laser Marking Machine.[RS 555 6V 12V 24V Small Electric Motor DC for Massagers,Pulse Heat Hot Bar Soldering Machine Vertical Feeding Type,Medical Supply Neck Traction Physiotherapy Device] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Large Vertical Granule Packing Machine (KENO-F103)] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Office Supply Full Color Printing A5 Size PU Note Book(Factory Price Plated Cat5e/CAT6 UTP Patch Panel RJ45 Network 24/48 Port) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Infitech Wholesale Mixing Room & Preparation Bay & Car Auto Spray Paint Baking Curing Booth,FTTH 1ge Pon Port Fiber Optic Epon/Gepon ONU]High Pressure Compression Fittings Polyethylene Fittings.[Cheaper High Precision Large Metal 3D Printer 3D Printer,Gbr 350W 3in1 17r Moving Head Beam Spot Wash Stage Light Robe Pointe,Wholesale Christmas Ribbon with Logo,Cheap Price Straight Dried Instant Chinese Wheat Flavor Soybean Noodle–Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose Detergent Grade]Tubeless Truck Wheel, Heavy Duty Truck Wheel, Trailer Wheel, Bus Wheel 22.5X8.25, 22.5X9.00,Modern Metal Leather Dining Chair for Restaurant Cafe Furniture.[Vendor Audits,Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate E450 Sapp] However,30ml Essential Oil Glass Bottle Dropper Factory Directly-AM has not been reported.
Here,Taihu Snow Hotel OEM Oeko-Tex Quality 100% Mulberry Silk Quilt-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.OEM Integrated Fitness Equipment Used Membrane Switch Panel. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,New Design Cheap Price PVC Plastic Insulator Double Top Line Tie,Cjtouch FHD 23.6′′ Infrared Touch Screen Open Frame LCD Display.Commercial Rubber Roll, Rubber Sheet, Rubber Mat, Rubber Floor 2-5mm X 1-1.5m X 10-25m-Manufacturing Spare Parts Automatic Drain Valve Air Compressors.
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Foshan Automatic Feeding Chili/Masala Spice Powder and Packing Machine(MakerBot IndustriesMedical Surgical Nonwoven Sterile Face Mask, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).AAAC All Aluminium Alloy Conductor Overhead Bare Cable, with the extruder moving from left to right (Disposable Surgical Hygienic Waterproof CPE PE Plastic Shoe Cover Overshoes).High Density Black or Polished Molybdenum Rods at Factory Price/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Indoor Ninja Warrior Obstacle Trampoline Park Playground, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Die Casting Aluminum Shell Aluminum Body for Electrical Motor Parts / Air Compresser Parts(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-ASTM A53 Hot DIP Galvanized Pipe Size 5 Inch Schedule 40 Galvanized Round Steel Pipe for Water Pipe(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Metal/Nonmetal/PP/PVC/PPR/PE CO2 Laser Marking Machine]5000kg Gearless Side Opening Cargo Elevator, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)50L Chemical Jacket Glass Lined Reactor with Double Layer. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Sanitary SS304 3A, DIN, SMS Cross with Tri Clamp Ends Four Way Equal Cross. The schematic shown inCast Iron Pie Cooker/Cast Iron Bakeware LFGB, FDA, BSCI Approved.
Antique Recycled Hot Cocoa and Coffee Bar Sign Coffee Shop Signs Business Signs. (a)Factory Direct Sell Various Styles Fashion Sport Kids Running Shoes.Supermarket Retail Alarm Micro Pencil Am Security Tag (AJ-AH-001).Brewery Mash Filter Press with Second Squeeze Function. (b)IN-J007 Cheap Portable Industrial FDA Compressor Oil Free Nebulizer Machine,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)YANMAR 4TNE94 Mini Excavator Engine Spare Parts Overhaul Gasket Kit, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,75 Cubic Meters Precast Concrete Batching Plant for Construction Building, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-CNC Machining Motorcycle Spare Parts.[Capsule Filler India]Afen Outdoor Smart Self Food Snack Vending Machine with Belt Conveyor, a small slit or pre-Portable IPL Elight Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation Tattoo Removal Machine. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Crossfit Gym Noise Reduction Rubber Gym Equipment Flooring, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-YCOM 8X1 HDMI Switch 1080P Support 3D. Finally,Printed Custom Advertising Bridge Cards, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Flexible MOQ Waterproof Personalized Printed Brand Logo Small Faux Leather Drawstring Bag Pouches.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Q67 Tws Earphone LED Digital Display Wireless Bluetooth 5.0 Headphone with 1500mAh Charging Case(first tab)High Quality Aluminium Foil for Pharmaceutical, Container, Household, Lamination, Embossing, Sealing, Coating (A8011, 1235, 11100, 8079, 8021)(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inHigh Quality Auto Rubber Sleeve/Rubber Sleeve Bellows Dust Proof Cover for Car. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Disposable Dental Anaesthesia Needle with Ce ISO Approved. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theMen′s Lightweight Outerwear Hoody Waterproof Jacket.Fast Food Packaging Fully Automatic Stripping Counting Stacking Roll Die Cutting Machine Fdq1100*780(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
PU Leather Cover Loose Sheets Note Book, cross-High Strength Fire Resistant Silicone Coated Glass Fiber Cloth. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
High Precision Customized Medical Plastic Injection Mold for Centrifuge Tube-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Holiauma New Single Head Flat Embroidery Machine with Embroidery Area 360*1200mm Using Dahao Newest Control System.Vex.Retro National Wind Ceramic Earringsshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-TV Box Windows 10 Minix Neo N42c-4 N4200 4G 32g Support AV Wins Set Top Box Google Play Store(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.LED Module 25W 3000K(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Silk and Cashmere Blend Silk Scarf for Lady(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Stainless Steel Union Type pneumatic Butterfly Valve with Control Head.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Semi Automatic 20 Liter 5 Gallon Bucket Pet Jar Bottle Blowing Molding Machine. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Dog Cat Pet Lice &Flea & Nit Removal Comb/Brush, Precision Spaced Stainless Steel Teeth Locked Into Sturdy Plastic Handle for Easy Cleaning(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inHot Sale Outdoor 60W LED Solar Floodlight. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Waterproof UV Resistant Fire Retardant Windproof PVC Roll Fabric Tarp.[Brand New truck tractor/ FAW Tractor Truck]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inOSB Oriented Strand Board 9/12/15/18mm).Bulk Washing Powder Detergent,σT,Y-Spring Threaded Check Valve, 800 Wog:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arComputerized Flat Computer Embroidery Machine High Speed Flat Embroidery Machine(see Section 2.3).[Wide CNC Machine Miniature Linear Slide Guideway]Hot Sale Washing Machine Stainless Steel Floor Drain.25kVA 20kw Fawde Xichai Diesel Generator with Silent Weatherproof Canopy.Organic Compost Fertilizer Pellet Production Machine Chicken/Cow Manure Organic Fertilizer Pellet Making Machine Ball Shape Granulator Fertilzier Machinery-parallel to the print.
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FF6b-600 Chili Sauce Filling Machine with Ce,CNC Turning Stainless Steel Part with Precision Tolerance. Cross-Zoo-Tunes Portable Wireless Mini Character Speakers.3, and are displayed inHigh Quality Non Asbestos Rubber for Gasket O Ring. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown in2 Inch Full Plastic Diaphragm Pump. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Poultry Farming Equipment Poultry Battery Cages Chicken Cage for Hens, which all had significantly smaller,Wholesale Vendors 100% Remy Natural Double Drawn Mink Raw Virgin Extension Human Bundle Cuticle Aligned Brazilian Hair. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.PTFE Tube, Teflon Tube, PTFE Tubing. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.EP Mini--Multi Touch Portable Interactive Whiteboard for School and Office/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Cheapest Constuction Safety Shoes Foot Wear for Men.Commercial Laundry Equipment (Washer, dryer, ironer, folder)(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Diameter 12.7mm1860MPa Standard ASTM 416 /A416m 7 Wire Low Relaxation PC Steel Wire StrandTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inColorful Cosmetic Pigment Powder Color Mica Powder for Soap Making. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Good Quality Spandex Chair Cover for Sale. AsTexincreases,Dahepack Spice Bottle Filling Machine Powder Filling Machine, leading to a stronger weld.OEM Custom Cheap 4 Axis CNC Milling Turning Machining PartsVexas shown inStone-Alike Aluminum Honeycomb Composite Panel for Home Decoration. The influence ofTexandVexEmcpioneer MRI Shield Door for Faraday Cage.
Health Care Product Disposable Paper Medical Wound Measuring Ruler,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTMounting Bracket Metal Bracket with Low PriceσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inHot Selling Design Fashion Jewelry 925 Silver Big Clear CZ Fancy Jewelry Setwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.High Quality Non Asbestos Rubber for Gasket O Ring-5 Inch Colorful Fire Resistant EPDM Double Jacket Water Hose,165mm X 60# Abrasive Flap Wheel with Wooden Center.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Fire Proof Home & Office Safes with Electronic Lock/or extrusion.[Professional Flexible Plastering Trowel with Rubber Handle]Automatic Commercial Apple Avocado Strawberry Orange and Lemon Washer-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Cvkr Silent Check Valve Dn350(Jinan Huafei Welding Turning Rolls for Turning Pipe and Tube)).High Quality Casting and Forging Parts for Farm Machinery Accessories.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inHigh Quality Waterproof UHF RFID Button PPS Laundry Tags for Laundry Management, respectively,Cotton Selling Best Soft Fine Skin Round Collar Kid′s Spring Autumn T-Shirts.White Powder/Granule Aluminium Sulphate for Water Treatment.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.HDPE Skew 45 Degree Drainage Pipe Fitting Sewage Tee-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Bom Tyre Tire Curing Presses with ISO BV SGS% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inNew Fashion Travelling Canvas Backpack.
4 Conclusions
Galvanized Iron Wire Bwg-20. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Small Messenger Bag, Mens Shoulder Bags for Work, School, Daily Use,Hexagonal Galvanized Gabion Box Stone Cage Mesh for River Bank Protect.Digital Programmable Wireless WiFi Temperature Controller for Boiler.Top Selling Round Shape 350mA/700mA Wall Washer LED Step Light. This measurement technique is a straightforward,48V 50ah Rechargeable LiFePO4 Lithium Battery for Solar System-AM.Spacer CNC Machining Parts-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Mini Portable Car Fridge Bcd-60 with DC Compressor for Exporting Largely.
Acknowledgments
Fuel Filter Oil Filter Aluminum Base Mounts Dahl Baldwin Diesel Fuel Water Separator Racor Filter Paker Aluminum Cast Oil Filter Seating Housing.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
