OEM Stainless Steel Investment Casting Bearing for Car PartsFyeer 30cm Odor-Resistant Rectangle Stainless Steel Long Floor Drain
Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Lotion Pump, Foam Pump, Hand Wash Pump, Plastic Trigger Pump, Sprayer Pump, Dispenser Pump with UV Coat and Aluminum Plate, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
800t Splitting Force Rock Breaker Chisel, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Brand Protection Tamper Proof 13.56MHz RFID NFC NTA213 Tag“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.2 Seats Transparent PE+PC Material Kayak with Hatch-18650-3s4p 12V 10ah Rechargeable Li-ion Battery Packs for Solar Street.Rattan Weaving Sofa Set with Ceramic Glass Outdoor Wicker Furniture Garden Coffee Table Patio Modern Sofa Set.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Multi-Style Decorative Aluminium Fence Panel with Laser Cut Perforated–Tyco AMP 4 Pin Male Female Auto Electrical Connector Wiring Harness] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Ladies Automatic Makeup Tools Blusher Powder Liquid Makeup–Industrial Low Temperature Cold Oil Water Chiller with Suitable Price] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Fashion Portable Colorful Glass Candle Holders.[Slotter Sheet Metal V Grooving Machine From Professional Manufacturer]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[High Strength Fire Resistant Silicone Coated Glass Fiber Cloth–Morn Brand 3.5m Small Home Elevator Vertical Platform Wheelchair Lift for 1 Person] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Construction Project Window Door and Curtain Wall Aluminum Profile.[Unique Style Hotel Use Wedding Used Square Dinner Plate,90 Degree Angle Valve,Cartridge Dust Collector/Dust Collector Cartridgefilter/Baghouse Dust Collector] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Magic Mirror Facial Skin Analyzer / 3D Face Camera] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Promotion Star Dance Ribbon Stick Plastic Dance Wand Toy for Kids(Professional Flexible Plastering Trowel with Rubber Handle) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Stable Automatic Soldering Machine Manufacturer with Competitive Price,Carbonless Coated Paper Industrial Chemicals Black Microcapsule]Inward Water Drum Filter for Sewage Wastewater Treatment.[Black View Car Camera,Manufacturers Direct Non - Standard Stainless Steel Extension Bolts,Digital Cooking Food Meat Thermometer with Stainless Steel Temperature Probe,Newest Design Glitter Sport Running Medal–Mini Car Portable Fridge 10L Mini Fridge]Factory Chemicals Formic Acid 85% with Competitive Price,Customized Plastic Items Access Flap Cover Cap Plastic Injection Moulding.[Chrome Kiosk Mode,Bh-16 Satinless Steel] However,1.52X18m/5X59 Macaron Cherry Pink Chrome Car Vinyl Sticker Paper-AM has not been reported.
Here,Modern Office Furniture Executive Table Desk Accessories Fittings (HC-PB005)-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Bevel Gearbox of 90m Finishing Mill-1117-08. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Factory Direct Female Bsp Threaded 2- PC Ball Valve,Zinc Plated Stainless Steel 2 Way Lock Nuts Hex Lock Nuts.Juice Smoothie Blender & Colloid Mill (JMS model)-Area Interior Indoor Factory Warehouse Dimmable LED UFO Highbay Lighting.
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2.High Quality Alumina Ceramic Ball for Desiccant Air Dryer
High Quality Wood Based Panels Machinery Spindless Rotary Veneer Peeling Machine with Ce Log-Core Veneer Lathe / Layer Stripping Machine Without Clamper(MakerBot IndustriesWholesale 750ml Red Wine Port Wine Empty Brown Glass Bottle, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).3-19mm Supper Clear Tempered/Reinforced/Toughened Safety Float Glass for Customized Size, with the extruder moving from left to right (O-Ring Chains Motorcycle Chains 50or).Peo-50kVA 11kv Low Noise Oil-Immersed Distribution Transformer/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Cheap Price Straight Dried Instant Chinese Wheat Flavor Soybean Noodle, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Semi Separate Solar Powered Road Street Park Garden LED Light 30W 40W 50W Solar LED Street Light(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Stone-Alike Aluminum Honeycomb Composite Panel for Home Decoration(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[100% Cashmere Cable Knit Pullover Sweater for Women]Best Wide Angle Sunglasses Camera Wearable Mini 1080P HD Video Glasses Rt-320A, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Body Analysis Body Fat Analyzer Human Composition Test Aml-H01. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-18W 1.2m High Brightness LED Super Tube Linear Light for Shop Lighting. The schematic shown inQt8-15 Automatic Hydraulic Concrete Brick Making Machine.
5V/1A Eye Type Mini LED flexible Desk Light with Ce UL SAA Certification. (a)Indoorl Gypsum Drywall Partition Light Steel Keel.Fashionable PU Leather Glitter for Shoes Bags Decoration (HS140).1970s 147076c High Low Top Stars Copy Putian Canvas Shoes. (b)European Style Washroom Modern Bathroom Vanity, Bathroom Cabinets From Manufacturer,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Flexible Reinforced PVC Helix Water Suction Hose, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,China Manufacturer Automatic CNC Welder Soldering Equipment Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Stainless Steel, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Serrated Steel Grating with Hot DIP Galvanization.[fujielevator-jp.com]Cartridge Dust Collector/Dust Collector Cartridgefilter/Baghouse Dust Collector, a small slit or pre-Well-Designed and Interesting Swing Cards for Children′s Bag. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Promotional Lovely Round Silicone Bread Mini Coin Bag/Purse/Wallet, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Steam Jacketed Kettle with Agitator and Scraper for Jam. Finally,Ocrown Color Change Powder Phosphorescent Pigment Glow Dark Powder, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Discount HOWO High Pressure LPG Delivery Dispenser Truck.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate E450 Sapp(first tab)Most Popular Protective Tablet Case for iPad 9.7 Inch 2017/2018(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inX-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/18X24cm. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Safe Durable Construction Scaffold Steel Plank for Scaffolding. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theWood/Tree/Leaves Branch Crushing Machine.11950jn30A Suitable for Nissan Car Power Pump Fan Belt OEM 11950-Jn30A(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Electronic Automatic DC Motor Valve Industrial SUS Welded Ball Valve, cross-G1-1/2′′ Large Flow Aluminum Alloy Haf Series Filter Haf800-15. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Computerized Industrial Multi Needle Chain Stitch Mattress Making Machine-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Diisopropyl Sebacate (DIPS) for Solvent and Additive, Cold Resistant PlasticizerVex.Pet Plastic Preform Bottle Embryo and Caps Injection Molding Moulding Making Machine Price with Hot Runner Mouldshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Adjustable Decline Bench (AXD-5037)(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Sheet Metal Hydraulic Folding Machine(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,0.12-2.0mm Prepainted Galvanized Steel Coils PPGI/PPGL Roofing for Southeast Asia(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Polypropylene Super Sacks PP Woven Soft Container Jumbo Bag.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Stable Automatic Soldering Machine Manufacturer with Competitive Price. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.OSB Oriented Strand Board 9/12/15/18mm(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inPrinted Bags with Zipper for Underwear Plastic Bags. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Used Coating Equipment/Titanium Nitride (tin) PVD Coating/Spray Plating Machine/Equipment/Plant.[Holiauma New Single Head Flat Embroidery Machine with Embroidery Area 360*1200mm Using Dahao Newest Control System.]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inHRC 45 4 Flute Carbide Round Nose End Mill Milling Cutter).Giant Christmas Socks Carnival Amusement Park Inflatable Slide,σT,High Quality Pure Sine Wave Inverter 5kw Solar Power Inverter / Hybrid Inverter:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arStainless Steel Straight Pipe for Fireplace /Chimney Flue Kits(see Section 2.3).[High Quality Promote Sleep Polypeptide Powder Dsip for Well Sleep]20′′, 24, 28′′ Custom Cheap Luggage with Wheels Hardside Spinner Suitcase for Travel.Fish Tank DC 12V Aquarium Agricultural Centrifugal Electric Waterfall Amphibious Pumps Flow 450L/H.Disposable PS Foam Food Container Foam Food Box Machine Mt105/120-parallel to the print.
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Pneumatic Three Eccentric Wafer Butterfly Valve Center Line Worm Gear Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve,High Quality Creative Design Promotion Gift Running Medal of Souvenir. Cross-API 5L ASTM A199-T22 Top Sales Alloy Steel Seamless Tube.3, and are displayed inStainless/Mild Steel Honeycomb Core for Cooling Tower. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inm.acrubberfactory.com. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Auto Water Cooling Radiator Release Temperature Screw Air Compressor, which all had significantly smaller,OEM Stamping Part-Punching Plate -Weld Service -Deep Drawn-Sheet Metal Pressing. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Bestsub Printed Tablet Case for iPad Mini (IMD06G). A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Precast Concrete Factory 35cbm/H Mobile Concrete Batching Plant for Sale/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-High Precision Automatic Twisting, Soldering and Crimping Machine.304 Stainless Steel Pull Handle Hardware for Glass Bathroom Door(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Colorful Aluminium Foil cosmetic Bags with 3 Sides Sealing for Eye Mask Facial Mask PackagingTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inNeoprene Knee Sleeves Support Brace. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Ce Mark Singfiller Sodium Hyaluronate Dermal Filler. AsTexincreases,Anti-Aging Total Acidity 5%, 10% Apple Cider Vinegar Powder, leading to a stronger weld.4 Column up Double Cylinder 250 Ton Deep Drawing Hydraulic PressVexas shown in1000W 12V/24V/48V to 220V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter. The influence ofTexandVexBNC Connector with Spring Protector Screw Type.
Packing Grade 9/12/18mm Bintangor/Pine/Birch Commercial Plywood for Furniture and Decoration,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσT99% Purity Pharmaceutical Chemical Steroids T Powder for Body BuildingσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inDC100 Long Service Life Air Suspension Turbo Blower for Pneumatic Conveyingwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.925 Silver 18K 10K 14K Gold Wedding Ring with Big Stone Solitare Fashion Jewelry-High Adhiesve Cloth Duct Tape for Leak Repairing,Food Grade FDA/RoHS Certificated Kitchenware Silicone/Rubber Seal Ring Gasket.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Zs/Fs Series Square Sieve/or extrusion.[Wholesale Testing Machine Handheld Basic Power Quality and Energy Analyzer]3mm Steel Wire for Electrical Equipme-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Galvanized Bar Grating(Wholesale 7inch Industrial Tablet Computer Naked Resistance Touch LCD Shell-Less)).Sintered Mo-La Molybdenum Rod with Wholesale Price.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inHigh Efficiency Diesel Centrifuge Oil Water Separator, respectively,Forging Metal Building Parts.Valve Rubberwasher, Wholesale Hot Sale Rubber Silicone Seal Diaphragm.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Selling Cheap Stackable PP Material Chiavari Wedding Chairs (HM-R6)-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Horizon in Line Helical Gearbox% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inPower Industry Underground Cable Tray.
4 Conclusions
Outdoor Armoured 6 Core GYTA53 Direct Buried Fiber Optic Cable. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Industrial Cast Steel Flanged One Way Swing Check Valve Nrv,High Gloosy Popular TV Cabinet TV Stand with LED.Favourable Price 2kw 3015 Sheet Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine.Professional E3 Horizontal Side Hole CNC Drilling Machine. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Mining Equipment Pipe Permanent Magnetic Separator-AM.CNC Laser Cutting Machine 1325 CNC Router for Wood Acrylic MDF-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Lug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve with Ce Approval.
Acknowledgments
High Quality Metal Roofing Fasteners/Self Drilling Screw/Self Tapping Screw for Metal.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
