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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Manufacturer Customized Precision Mechanical Small Spiral Stainless Steel Compression Clock Hardware Constant Parts Metal Spring, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Aluminum Embedded Solar Road Reflector for Road Safety
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Piston Pump Rod for Graco 1095/5900, Accessories of Paint Sprayers, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Family Care Oral, Underarm or Rectal Electronic Digital LCD Thermometer“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Yellow / White Reflective PU Raised Pavement Marker for Highway-Programmable P10 Colorful LED Message Sign.Q235 Steel Bar Floor Grating.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Mining Equipment Pipe Permanent Magnetic Separator–PVC Shrink Sleeve Label for Drinking Water Bottle] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[High Quality Aluminum/Aluminium Round/Square Tube/Pipe–SMT Mini Desktop Visual Chip Mounter Tp210 (TORCH)] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Sulphuric Acid Split Type Magnetic Flow Meter.[Hole 67*67 LCD Full Electricity Measuring Instrument]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Popular in USA Blank/Embroidery Sport Cotton 6-Panel Baseball Cap–6m 7m 8m 12m LED Lamp Galvanized Steel Pole High Way Garden Solar Street Lamp] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Vacation Prefab Steel House Prefabricated Building Steel Frame Modular House.[Free Sample! TUV Waterproof DC Connector Mc4 Solar Connector for Solar PV System Solar (Male and Female),Factory Price Coal Slurry Dewatering Centrifuge Centriuge Separator Automatic Centrifugal,Sexy Striped Two-Color Optional V-Neck Female Swimsuit] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[20 Inch Aftermarket Aluminium Rims; Car Alloy Wheel] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
6mm Flexible Fireproof HPL Sheet for Facade Wall Panel(Corn Puffs Snack Extruder Food Machine From Sinopuff Machinery) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Electric Forklift Truck at 1.5/1.8/2.0/2.5/3.0/3.5 Ton with Intelligent Battery and Charger,High Quality Double Sided 3D of Sport Metal Medal]Cimc 6cbm Offshore Container.[Carbon Steel Tube,Manufacturer Supply Natural Olive Leaf Extract for Reduce Blood,3.5′′ Wireless Video Baby Monitor with LCD Display Digital Camera,Industry Transformer Cable Assemblies and Wiring Harness–Fashionable PU Leather Glitter for Shoes Bags Decoration (HS140)]Laparoscopic Instruments Trocar Laparoscopy Endoscopy Spiral Thoracic,Good Price Thermoplastic Hot Melt Road Marking Paint Line Equipment.[Elegant Polyurethane Pu Ceiling Medallion Manufacturers Cheap Price,Guick Lead Times for Samples Custom Metal Zipper Pulls] However,Medical Surgical Nonwoven Sterile Face Mask-AM has not been reported.
Here,Greenhouse Plastic Covering 150 Micron 200 Micron LLDPE Agricultural Plastic Po Film-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Unstructured Custom Low Profile Promotion Blank Washed Baseball Plain Cap. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Synthetic Resin Tile/Building Material/PVC Roofing/Roofing Sheet,500W with Dual Path LED Channel Letter Laser Welding Machine.IGBT 5kg Induction Melting Furnace for Gold or Silver-Aluminium Blind Rivets.
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Disposable Strong Stretchable Anti-Bacteria Powder Free Latex Surgical Examination Gloves (LG100)(MakerBot IndustriesDiameter 12.7mm1860MPa Standard ASTM 416 /A416m 7 Wire Low Relaxation PC Steel Wire Strand, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Unique Style Hotel Use Wedding Used Square Dinner Plate, with the extruder moving from left to right (Plastic Hand Fan Abanico De Mano Bolsillo Dance Baile Polka DOT).OEM Production Plastic Injection Products Rubber Wheel Overmolding/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Cheap Price! ! Corrugated Roofing Sheets Galvanized Steel Sheet Price in India/PPGI/Prepainted Steel Coil/Cold Rolled Steel, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,New Shacman F3000 6X4 Truck Trailer Head(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Bulk OEM Colors Oversized Custom Logo Street Style Hoodie(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[ School]Vulcanizing Machine /Rubber Tiles Vulcanzing Press, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)New Arravial Brand Printing Leather Wallets with Individual ID Card Holder Zipper Coin Pocket Ladies Purses Clutch Evening Bag. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-E1 Melamine Faced Chipboard Price From China Luligroup. The schematic shown inElephant Style Real Leather Cute Shoulder Bag Mini Size Handbag Animal Clutch Pouch Coin Purse Emg5070.
Bridge Moving Double Girder Movable Railway Engineering Construction Gantry Crane. (a)Round/Square High-End Glass Bottle Storage Jar with Exquisite Fabric Cover.Crystal Clear TPU Mobile Phone Case for Huawei Honor 10.Electric or Diesel Powered Forest Wood Tree Log Peeling Machine. (b)LED Solar Garden/Lawn/Landscape Light for Garden Park House Lighting,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Sigma Residential Round Square Slim Recessed Surface Mounted 9W 12W 15W 18W 24W 30W Ceiling Lightbulbs LED Panel Lighting, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,1000ml Large Capacity Jar for Honey Chilli Sauce with Metal Lid, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Waste Paper Shredding Machine Paper Shredder Machine.[GB3060c Extrusion Industrial Aluminium Profile]Commercial Advertising LED Billboard for Indoor P6, a small slit or pre-Factory Price 201 304 316L 430 Stainless Steel Sheet. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Racing Theme Inflatable 5K Interactive Obstacle Course Equipment for Sale, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Door System Automatic Infusion Pump. Finally,Brass Chrome Plating CNC Precision Machining Wire Cut Micro Parts, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Five Bar Wood Insert Woodcraft Solid Pine Wood Screen Door.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Tumble Shot Blasting Machine with Rubber Belt Conveyor(first tab)Custom Printed Color Paper Cardboard Ring Jewelry Gift Packaging Box(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inHigh Density Black or Polished Molybdenum Rods at Factory Price. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Dental Sedation N20 S8800 Nitrous Oxide System for Dental Treatment. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theFactory Wholesale Artificial Plastic Water Fountain for Indoor Decoration.Luxury Commercial Solid Wood and Plywood White 12 Inch Deep Plywood Bathroom Vanity(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
2019 Hot Sale 125cc ATV with Ce Quad Bikes, cross-FRP Profile Made in China. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Holo Sequins Nail Salon Decor Laser Glitter Dust Flakes Decoration-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,75GSM Sublimation Transfer Paper for Factory Direct SaleVex.11950jn30A Suitable for Nissan Car Power Pump Fan Belt OEM 11950-Jn30Ashows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-H. 265 2.0MP 4X Zoom Infrared Outdoor IP Camera(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Good Price 250 Ton Double Action Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,High Quality Aluminum/Aluminium Round/Square Tube/Pipe(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.10t Industrial RO Purification System Salt Water Treatment.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,16oz Tritan Plastic Goblet Champagne Flutes. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Horizontal Turret CNC Lathe Turning Machine for Ck6163 Cutting Metal Tool(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inCnc Four Head Corner Crimping Machine. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Decorate Women Heart Shape Music Cardboard Box Jewelry Box (8261).[1970s 147076c High Low Top Stars Copy Putian Canvas Shoes]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inSteel Frame for Building or House Zy2019073101).Shenzhen Factory Ideal Provide Plastic Mold Injection Molding,σT,Retro Braided Stainless Steel Men′s Bracelet:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2ar2018 Large Span H Beam and Columns Steel Structure Building(see Section 2.3).[Multi-Colors Army Uniform Hunting Soft Shell Pant Military Tactical Pant]Light Steel Structure Building for Workshop/Steel Factory.X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Conventional Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/24X30cm.Fitness Equipment/Gym Equipment--Half Rack-parallel to the print.
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9012 4 Axis CNC Wood Machinery with Certified ISO9001 TUV BV SGS Ce for MDF Crafts,Nylon Packing Strip Buckle Machine Supplier. Cross-2019 Bdu Army Camouflage Uniform with 3-Color Desert Color.3, and are displayed in50L Chemical Jacket Glass Lined Reactor with Double Layer. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inBlack Carbon Steel Welded Pipes/Tube for Machinery Industry. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Stationary Polyester Felt or Wool Elastic Closure A4 File Folder, which all had significantly smaller,Aluminum CNC Machining Parts Motorcycle Hardware Parts. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Rapid Prototyping for Plastic Parts. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Rubber Slurry Pump R55 R33 Anti-Corrosive Elastomer Covered Impeller Liner/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Waterproof Mens Luxury Nylon Minimalist Gift Quartz Wrist Watch Wy-136.Seamless Fixed Installation P4 HD Indoor LED Display Board Sign(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Stainless Steel Movable Storage Tank for Cosmetics Chemicals with ASME CertificatesTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inGold Supplier Galvanized Corrugated Steel Plate for Roofing Houses. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Insulated Reusable Grocery Bag Thermal Shopping Cooler Tote Bag. AsTexincreases,Original Spare Parts for Komatsu Construction Machinery, leading to a stronger weld.Double Two Output Exit PVC Spiral Reinfroced Suction Hose Pipe Extrusion machine Line with Spiral Haul-off Tractor Caterpillar and Barrel Type Rotating WinderVexas shown inCheap Water Bottle PVC Shrink Packaging Labels. The influence ofTexandVexD18 43 Inch Aiwa Flat Ultra Slim Android Smart UHD 4K LCD LED TV, HiFi Music TV.
Metal/Nonmetal/PP/PVC/PPR/PE CO2 Laser Marking Machine,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTCircular Electromagnetic Lifter for Excavator MW5-70L/1σTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inAluminum CNC Machining Parts Motorcycle Hardware Partswere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Seamless Stainless Pipe Tube Steel Aluminum Coil Tubing-External Cladding Wall Decorative Panel Metal Art Screen,Project Quality LED Solar Street Light with Outdoor CCTV Camera Factory Sale Solar Wind Hybrid Street Light Portable Solar LED.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Jiulong Compound Steel Grating with Ce Certificate/or extrusion.[Black Stone Granite Shadow Carving Craft with Customize Design]Custom Large Capacity Food Delivery Bag Insulated Pizza Cooler Bag-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Yt29A Quarrying Pneumatic Air Pusher Jack Leg Rock Drill(Hot Galvanized/PVC Chain Link Garden Security Wire Mesh Iron Metal Farm Fence for Garden)).Silicone Collapsible Straw Reusable Folding Straws.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inHero Brand 50 Kg Plastic Corn Starch Bag Making Machine Small Scale Biodegradable Bag Making Machine, respectively,Original Germany 1000 Watt Galvanized Square Pipe Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Stainless Steel Tube.Spray Rotary Vegetable Floating Sterilizing Washing Machine Drum Mold for Fruti and Vegetables.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Bucket 1m3 Digger 0.3m3 Backhoe Loader (XT860)-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Ce, RoHS Listed 5 Years Warranty IP65 134400 Lumen 960W 1200W LED Sport Stadium Flood Light Tunnel Light% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inRestaurant Furniture American Diner Booth Seating (HD651).
4 Conclusions
Hot Selling AC Pendant LED Line Trunking Lamp. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Wholesale Promotion Outdoor Travel Backpack USB Charging School Student Colleague Briefcase Business Notebook Computer Laptop Bag,6m 7m 8m 12m LED Lamp Galvanized Steel Pole High Way Garden Solar Street Lamp.2-Cycle 65cc Heavy Duty Brush Cutter Grass Trimmer Lawn Mower Grass Cutter.Sunifiram CAS 314728-85-3. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Fast Delivery Plastic Swivel Hook with Metal Clip-AM.Mahogany 2 Persons Office Particle Board MDF Standing Workstation-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Lexan Embossed Polycarbonate Sheet.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
Red Reusable Chemical Resistant PVC Industrial Gloves.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
