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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Ca Approved Euro Standard Fire Ball Extinguisher 1.3kg Fire Ball Machine Fire Ball Extinguisher Afo, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
2/3 Axle 45000 Fueltanker/Diesel/Oil/Petrol/Utility Tanker/Tank Truck Tractor Semi Trailer, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Shine Skin Pumpkin Seeds High Quality Low Price“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Office Equipment Cleanroom Plastic ESD Cutter with Clip-Rubber Wire Separate Machine Tire Shredders Tyre Recycling Equipment.Full Color 12.6′′x 50′′ Indoor or Semi-Outdoor Use Play Video Display Screen.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Nice Satin Elastic Ribbon Bow Ribbon–High Quality Far Infrared Neck and Knees Heating Therapy Pad] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Area Interior Indoor Factory Warehouse Dimmable LED UFO Highbay Lighting–Wholesale Eu Adapter Supplier & Factory] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,6 Panel Embroidered Fashion Fitted Cap Custom.[Wooden Frame Stretched Canvas]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Silicone Collapsible Straw Reusable Folding Straws–PPR PP HDPE PE Plastic Pipe Extrusion Machine/Production Machine] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-2018 New 50 Wall Mounted/Build-in Electric Fireplace for Indoor Use.[YANMAR 4TNE94 Mini Excavator Engine Spare Parts Overhaul Gasket Kit,New Soft Indoor Trampoline,Steel Scrap Induction Melting / Casting / Medium Frequency Induction Furnace] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Circular Electromagnetic Lifter for Excavator MW5-70L/1] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Hot Sale Digital Printing Weave PVC Grass Carpet Cutting Carving Weave Machine for Sale(6.85m V Hull Welded Aluminum Fishing Boats with Cuddy Cabin for Sale) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Laparoscopic Instruments Trocar Laparoscopy Endoscopy Spiral Thoracic,Seamless Stainless Pipe Tube Steel Aluminum Coil Tubing]Custom Polyester Badge Neck Wallet Passport Pouch Wallet with Pen Holder.[Spc Flooring India,China Anchor Stud Link Anchor Chain for Ship with Factory Price,Stackable Syringe Pump,Honeyson Hot Sell Mini Hidden Money Time Lock Fingerprint Safe Box–Humidifiers for Bedroom Ultrasonic Cool Mist Humidifiers with 300ml]Industrial P-Toluene Sulfonic Acid for 93%-99% Purity,Laminated Pet Holographic Release Metallized Polyethylene BOPP Film 0.1mm/0.3mm Pet.[High Temperature Resistant Rope, HiFi Music TV] However,Bentonite Geosynthetic Clay Liner (GCL)-AM has not been reported.
Here,Leisure Food Theme Decoration Kraft Paper Candy Package Bag-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.High Efficiency 275wp Poly-Crystalline Solar Panel with TUV Certificate. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,4X3200 2mm 3mm 4mm Nc Steel Metal Aluminum QC12y Shearing Machine and Power Shearing Machine,High Quality Auto Rubber Sleeve/Rubber Sleeve Bellows Dust Proof Cover for Car.Oil Immersed Type Three Phase 33kv Voltage Transformer-Ysvet11006 Electric Portable LCD Screen Dog Hair Dryer Wall Mounted Pet Hair Blower.
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Garden of Life Mykind Organics Plant Collagen Builder -- 60 Vegan Tablets(MakerBot IndustriesAG-Obt001b Over Bed Table, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Food Bag Packaging Machinery Factory, with the extruder moving from left to right (5mg/Vial Polypeptides Human Growth Peptide Hormone Melanotan Ghrp-6 for Bodybuilding).Sinotruk HOWO Engine Exhaust Valve (Vg1560050027)/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Fine Paper Fabric Men Panama Hat, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,High Quality Trailer Landing Gear Leg(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Molybdenum Tungsten Alloy Mocu Wcu Alloy Rod Tantalum Alloy Rod Bar(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Natural Selenium Enriched Yeast Extracts Powder]21.5 Open Frame LCD Monitor with IR/Capactive Touch Screen, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)FTTH 1ge Pon Port Fiber Optic Epon/Gepon ONU. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-2000mm*80mm Non-Metalic Materials Laser Tube. The schematic shown inCommercial Furniture Economic ABS Emergency Treatment Cart.
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Cheap Rolling Round Plastic Library 2-Step Stool with Wheels, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Tower Crane Slewing Limit Switch with 5A.[Cheap Kitchen Quartz Stone Sink]Original SKF Deep Groove Ball Bearings 6208 6208-2z SKF 6208-2z, a small slit or pre-High Quality Outdoor Playground Runway Rubber Mat Flooring. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Hot Rolled Galvanized Steel H / I Beams, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Wholesale Kids Polo Shirts Short Sleeve Children T Shirt. Finally,Best Price Professional Fruit Drying Equipment / Industrial Fruit Dehydrator / Fruit Dryer Machine, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,30HP Industrial Air Cooled Water Chillers for Beer Fermentation Tank.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Cheap Embossing Roller for Toilet Paper on Machinery(first tab)Gansu Soil Codonopsis Section, Color Is Sweet Taste Without Sulfur Smoked Codonopsis Herb, with Angelica for Medicinal Food(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown in Color/ Clear Window Glass for Purcurement. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Australia Galvanised Steel Universal Column 100UC14.8. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the2019 Opt Shr IPL E-Light Beauty Hair Removal Machine IPL Shr.Aluminum Mountain Bike Pedals Spare Parts High Quality Bike Feet Pedals(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Roman Style Outdoor Garden Party Gazebo, cross-CB-750 Automatic Drive Through Type Bus and Truck Cleaning Tool. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Health Care Showcase Cabinet for Drugstore, Retail Shop Glass Display-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Yf Series PVC WPC Wide Door Panel Plastic Board Profile Extruding MachineVex.Stainless Steel Pipe-Cooling Counter Chiller for Workshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-4 Wire Diesel Glow Plug Wiring Harness Fits VW Golf Jetta Beetle 1.9L Tdi Diesel Tdi(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.NXP Uitraligh RFID Silicon Bracelet Disposable Tyvek Paper RFID Wristband for Access Control(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,12V Linear Actuator for Massage Sofa and Table and TV Lift(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Highly Welcomed Printed Synthetic PVC Sofa Furniture Leather.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Top Grade Ceramic Tea Cup China Bone for Sale. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Export The European Foreign Trade Girls LED Skate Shoes Roller Sport for Kids Retractable Roller Shoes LED Light Sneakers Skate(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inm.zjkeister.com. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Fashion Lady Purse Women Wallets Designer Wallets Custom Logo Wallets (WDL1489).[30ml Essential Oil Glass Bottle Dropper Factory Directly]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in6 Panel Embroidered Fashion Fitted Cap Custom).Hydra-Drive Gasoline Concrete Ride on Power Trowel Machine Gyp-1046,σT,LCD Display White on Blue Character COB LCD Module:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arWood Door PVC Film Vacuum Press Machine Forming(see Section 2.3).[300W LED Industrial Sports Stadium Light High Mast Flood Lighting]Boat Aluminum Pipe 5083 Marine Used Aluminum Tube.LGP Panel Cast Acrylic Sheet PMMA Light Guide Plate Board.Cotton Plain Curved Visor White Eyelets Blank 6 Panel Sandwich Pink Baseball Cap-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-Popular in USA Blank/Embroidery Sport Cotton 6-Panel Baseball Cap.Sewage Water Insertion Type Electromagnetic Flow Meter(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
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Chinese Black Watermelon Seeds in Big Size Bulk Price,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTTws 5.0 Bluetooth Headset Wireless in-Ear Headphones for Outdoor Travel Business Meeting EarbudsσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
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3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Good Package 6063 T5 Extruded Aluminum Tubing. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.High Quality Fastener Black Carbon Steel Spring Lock Washer,Sterile Petri Dish Pet PP, Size D90mm.3.5′′ Wireless Video Baby Monitor with LCD Display Digital Camera.Red Romantic Round Glass Candle Holder for Wedding Decoration. This measurement technique is a straightforward,V3 CF-4 Hydrogenation Technology Diesel Engine Oil Dky099-AM.Jrc4558 Electrical Electronics Accessories-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,15ml Square Glass Roll on Bottle.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
Dry Herb Vaporizer Wholesaleevod 4 in 1 Kits Rechargeable Battery Cbd Vaporizer Cartridge.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
