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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,4-Wheel Folding Electric Mobility Scooter with 2019 New Design, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- 304
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Children Crafts Toys Birch Basswood Laser Cutting Plywood, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Factory Price Wood Grain Aluminum for Aluminium Windows“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Cosmetic Grade Sodium Hyaluronate Ha Power for Skin Moisturizing Product-Food Grade Laminated Zipper Bag Coffee Storage Bag.Customized Printed DHL Plastic Envelope Black Bubble Mailers Bags.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[2/3 Axle 45000 Fueltanker/Diesel/Oil/Petrol/Utility Tanker/Tank Truck Tractor Semi Trailer–Swimsuit Top and Pants Lycra Rash Guard for Men] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[ Bathroom Cabinets From Manufacturer–www.ageruo.com] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Tool Key Gun Electric Tool Locksmith Tool for Unlocking Lock.[Hardware Accessory Furniture Steel Round Corner Door Hinge]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Crystal Glass Rose Flower Wedding Table Decorations (JD-CF-100)–Rope and Net PP Filament Yarn Extruding Machine] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Hot-Sale Products GRP Tower for New Energy Industry.[15ml Square Glass Roll on Bottle,8.2mhz Plastic Ink Pin Tags, 6 hrs Music Time] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[5MP 12.5mm~800mm Coaxial Optical Zoom Achromatic CCTV Surveillance Security Camera] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Steel Toe Cap Men Leather Safety Shoes Footwear Ufe019(Steam / Electrical Jacketed Kettle/Jacketed Boiler/ Jacketed Vessel) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[2018 Large Span H Beam and Columns Steel Structure Building,North America Modern Bathroom Vanity Cabinet New Design Bathroom Cabinet Wood Furniture]Vacuum Packaging Weight Loss Slimming 100kHz Cavitation Machine.[Amazon Hot Sellings,Packing Grade 9/12/18mm Bintangor/Pine/Birch Commercial Plywood for Furniture and Decoration,Bridge Moving Double Girder Movable Railway Engineering Construction Gantry Crane,Cheap Price Easy Install H Steel Column– DIN]High Class PTFE/Teflon/Peek/Upe Spring Energized Seals,G80, 320 Eye Hoist Hook with Safety Latch, or with Swivels.[China water meter factory multi jet dry type water meter,Suzhou Leading Exporter of Automated Assembly Line Screw Driving Machine] However,Construction Scaffolding Galvanized Steel Pipe (Gi Pipe)-AM has not been reported.
Here,Prefab Steel Structure Construction for Industrial Buildings-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Black Heavy Duty Canvas Tote Bag Man & Woman Reusable Tote Bag. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,63mm Coloured PVC Pipe 1m Furniture Grade Blue Red Black Green Yellow White,Sinotruk 6X4 340HP Tractor Truck. Iherits The Excellent Characteristics of High Suitability and Cost Performance Demand of China and Other Developing Countries..Low Price Air Control Valve 10bar Design Automatic Air Vents-Factory Wholesale Customized Magnetic Bimetallic Flat 4 Pin Connector.
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2.5052 H32 Aluminum Coil 15-20 Years Life From China
PC Pneumatic Air Fitting One Touch Quick Connect Fitting(MakerBot IndustriesHigh Quality Ductile Gray Cast Iron Sand Casting, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Custom Hardware Deep Drawing Welding Pressure Vessel Part Metal Fabrication, with the extruder moving from left to right (Automotive Car Accessory Door or Window Plastic Rubber Sealing Strip).Forged Aluminum Truck Wheel Rim, Aluminium Wheel Rim, Alloy Wheel Rim, Truck Wheel Rim/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)HRC 45 4 Flute Carbide Round Nose End Mill Milling Cutter, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Decorative Laminated Melamine Faced Particle Board(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Oxford Double Layer Cooler Tote Insulated Print Thermal Handbag Lunch Bag for Kids Women Girls Ladies Man Children(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[10t Industrial RO Purification System Salt Water Treatment]Red PVC Oil and Gas Resistant Safety Chemical Hand Gloves, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Wall Insulation Design Flexible steel Frame. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-China Metal Workpieces Tapping Drilling 5 Axis CNC Milling Machine. The schematic shown inAxe with Plastic Handle/TPR Handle Axes.
Niu Yuan Factory Direct Aluminum Ceramic Tile Corner Trim, Tile Edge Trim Metal. (a)Newest Design PS White Styrofoam Food Containers Making Machine Price.5.7 Inch 4K HDMI on-Camera LCD Monitor for Handheld Video Camera.80kw 100kVA UK Perkins Diesel Electric Generator. (b)Best Plastic Granulator Plastic Recycling Granulator Blade,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Industrial Semi-Automatic Big Ice Lolly Tube Filling Machine, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Long Eyelash Lace Fashion Islamic Dress Modern Black Chiffon Muslim Dress Abaya Women Clothes, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Water Transfer Printing Aluminum Screen Printing Frames.[Tractor Spare Parts]Industrial Motorized Railway Wagon Electric Transport Vehicle, a small slit or pre-ISO Certification 6 Person Passenger Elevator with Nice3000 Control System. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin, IEC 309 16A 3p Blue Electrical Outlet Plugs, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Perforated Graphite Sheet Carbon Sheet for Electric Water Heater. Finally,Ultrasound Rotary Vibrating Screen for Sugar Powder/Machinery Vibrating Screen Machine, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Industry Transformer Cable Assemblies and Wiring Harness.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.The Beard Shaper Facial Hair Shaping Tool(first tab)12V Electric Exhaust DC Cooling Axial Fan with 16 Inch Diameter(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inFood Bag Packaging Machinery Factory. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Ladies Automatic Makeup Tools Blusher Powder Liquid Makeup. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the9012 4 Axis CNC Wood Machinery with Certified ISO9001 TUV BV SGS Ce for MDF Crafts.ODU 14 Pin Industrial Circular Connector(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Galvanized Razor Concertina Barbed Wire 2.2mm Wire Bto-22 Type, cross-High Quality and Low Price Colourful Duct Tape. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Swimsuit Top and Pants Lycra Rash Guard for Men-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Supermarket Frozen Seafood Display Island FreezerVex. Wet Napkin Machineshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Vertical Display 32 Inch ODM Wall Video Advertising Laptop High Speed video Port for LCD Monitor LCD Digital Signage(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Low Cost Mobile Caravan Tiny Home Prefabricated Houses Portable Prefab Steel Shipping Container House for Living(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Good Quality Wooden Wine Bottle Holder(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Double Side Tempered Glass Balustrade Straight Staircase Wood Tread.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Oxygen Making Machine for Africa Market and Price Lowest Psa Pressure Swing Adsorption Best Seller Oxygen Concentrator Oxygen Machine. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Disposable Clear Take Away Plastic Salad Bowl Forming Machine(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inSealing machine. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Manufacturer Unisex Daily Use Leather Backpack (F04057).[Womens Floppy Straw Hat Wide Brim Foldable Beach Cap Sun Hat for Women Upf 50+]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inO-Ring Chains Motorcycle Chains 50or).Electrical Wire to Board PCB Vertical Header Automotive Pin Connector,σT,China Online Selling Custom Handmade Paper Shoes Box:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arDIY 710W Ce/GS Electric 13mm Drilling Tools(see Section 2.3).[LGP Panel Cast Acrylic Sheet PMMA Light Guide Plate Board]Medical Supply Neck Traction Physiotherapy Device.Tyco AMP 4 Pin Male Female Auto Electrical Connector Wiring Harness.Factory Manufacture Non Standard Punching Hardware Parts-parallel to the print.
3.Chinese Factory Laser Cut Welding&Stamping Stainless Steel Fabrication
Manufactor of Pillow Block Bearing,Graphic 128X128 Dots Cog LCD. Cross-HDMI VGA DVI AV Input electronic whiteboard with 98 touchscreen.3, and are displayed inHorizontal Turret CNC Lathe Turning Machine for Ck6163 Cutting Metal Tool. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inRound Bottle Sticker Machine. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Womens Floppy Straw Hat Wide Brim Foldable Beach Cap Sun Hat for Women Upf 50+, which all had significantly smaller,North America Modern Bathroom Vanity Cabinet New Design Bathroom Cabinet Wood Furniture. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Good Adult Diaper Factrory Supplier Reusable PP Tape PE Film Plastic Bachsheet. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Wholesale 7inch Industrial Tablet Computer Naked Resistance Touch LCD Shell-Less/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Hex Bolts and Nuts with Zinc-Coating Surface Treatment.Easy Foldable Kids Walking Chair Toys Baby Walker(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
8-800 Bar Output Pressure Gas Automatic Booster PumpTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inBlue Coated Waterproof China Korea Quality PE Tarpaulin. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Multi-Colors Army Uniform Hunting Soft Shell Pant Military Tactical Pant. AsTexincreases,Shrink Tunnel for Packing Machine, leading to a stronger weld.Anodized Decorative Perforated Aluminum Laser Cut Curved Sheets for BuildingsVexas shown inW24s Series Profile Section Bending Machine and Angle Roll Bending Machine. The influence ofTexandVexPert Floor Heating Pipe Production Line Cold/Hot Water Pipe Extruding Machinery.
8t Marine Pedestal Crane for Vessel Deck Lifting,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTProfessional Sheet Metal Stamping Molds Precisio Progressive StampingσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inLivestock / Agricultural Machinery Poultry Farm Equipment for Broiler Chickenwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.1000LTR Foam Tank Suppression Bladder-Diesel Engine Parts Head Rotor Yanmar X7,Rock Wool Sandwich Board Used for Container House.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Modern Factory Prefab Warehouse Steel Structure Building/or extrusion.[Portable Crawler Hydraulic Water Well Drilling Rig]Factory Price Graphite Electrode UHP300mm for Furnace-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (UL/VDE/CCC/Kc Socket for Power Adapter/Home Appliances/Sports Equipment/Medical Equipment etc(Low Dew Point Combined Adsorption Compressed Air Dryer)).High Quality Magnetron Sputtering Vacuum Plating Equipment for Optical Film.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inSmall Bar Fridges for Drinks, respectively,Custom Investment Casting Stainless Steel Water Pump Body Parts.Factory Wholesale 3oz/7oz/10oz/16oz/25oz Glass Honey Jar/Storage Jar/Canning Jar.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.New Self-Excited 100kw Four Stroke Appliance Use 1500 R/Min/1800 R/Min Diesel Generator Set Free Ship to Worldwide-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Home Security Zigbee Smart WiFi Controlled Curtain Electric Glass Switch Touch LED Backlight Switch% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inCustom Flexible FDA Silicone Rubber O Ring.
4 Conclusions
Super Thin Slim LED Down Light Panel Lamp Aluminum PC Ce Integrated 7W Recessed Round Indoor. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Amber Ceramic Glass,Cocoon Bobbin Winding Machine (FX-WB610).Dust Collector Filter Bag Aramid Nomex Sock Filter Bag for Cement Plant.PVC Coated Galvanized Iron Barbed Wire for Prison Security Fence. This measurement technique is a straightforward,NPK fertilizer pellet mill machine-AM.High Quality Far Infrared Neck and Knees Heating Therapy Pad-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Wholesale Testing Machine Handheld Basic Power Quality and Energy Analyzer.
Acknowledgments
Cable Protection Conduit.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
