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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Galvanized Steel Structure Warehouse Construction Building, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
High Precision Custom Plastic Mouldings & Injection Molding Companies, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Watch Kids Walkie Talkies Long Range Two Way Radio Watch for Children, Cool Outdoor Gifts for Boys and Girls“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Church LED Flameless Taper Candle-50W Thermal Shrinkable Tube Laser Marking/PVC Tube Laser Marking/Laser Marking Machine/Laser Printer.Customized Air Shaft with CNC Machining Service.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Vertical Display 32 Inch ODM Wall Video Advertising Laptop High Speed video Port for LCD Monitor LCD Digital Signage–Environmental Prefab Light Steel Structure Factory and Warehouse Building] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Abrasive Concrete Floor Cleaning Scrubber Floor Pads–Dull Knives Sharpener] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,High Purity Cannabidiol Cbd Powder.[Heat Resistant Transparent Silica Glass Optical Window Disc]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Top Grade Ceramic Tea Cup China Bone for Sale–Lacquer Modern Plywood Home Furniture Kitchen Cabinet] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Steel Retainer Plastic Road Safety Trench Cover.[18650-3s4p 12V 10ah Rechargeable Li-ion Battery Packs for Solar Street,Wholesale Waterproof Stainless Steel Quartz Women Fashion Watch (71311),Zinc Plated Stainless Steel 2 Way Lock Nuts Hex Lock Nuts] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Pneumatic Three Eccentric Wafer Butterfly Valve Center Line Worm Gear Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Lotion Pump, Foam Pump, Hand Wash Pump, Plastic Trigger Pump, Sprayer Pump, Dispenser Pump with UV Coat and Aluminum Plate(Auto Car Parts Oil Filter (26300-02501) (Toyota, Honda, Hyundai, etc)) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Shoe Self-Locking Straight Pull Tab Head Nylon Zipper Head,Metal Steel Galvanized Pipe Tube Bright and Black]3 Ton Manual Chain Lever Block with Overload Limiter.[Roll Length 100m Geotextile for Increasing The Stability of Gravel Slopes,Lug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve,Bom Tyre Tire Curing Presses with ISO BV SGS,Stainless Filter Nozzles / Stainless Steel Strainer Nozzles–CNC Machined Power Transmission Shaft Part]800t Splitting Force Rock Breaker Chisel,Brand Protection Tamper Proof 13.56MHz RFID NFC NTA213 Tag.[22kw Electric Vehicle Charger Station with Type2 5m Cable,Aluminium Blind Rivets] However,2 Seats Transparent PE+PC Material Kayak with Hatch-AM has not been reported.
Here,18650-3s4p 12V 10ah Rechargeable Li-ion Battery Packs for Solar Street-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Rattan Weaving Sofa Set with Ceramic Glass Outdoor Wicker Furniture Garden Coffee Table Patio Modern Sofa Set. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Fashion Portable Colorful Glass Candle Holders,Construction Project Window Door and Curtain Wall Aluminum Profile.Promotion Star Dance Ribbon Stick Plastic Dance Wand Toy for Kids-Professional Flexible Plastering Trowel with Rubber Handle.
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Customized Plastic Items Access Flap Cover Cap Plastic Injection Moulding(MakerBot IndustriesGreen Environmental Smart Multifunctional E-Bike with Self-Developed Patent, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).1.52X18m/5X59 Macaron Cherry Pink Chrome Car Vinyl Sticker Paper, with the extruder moving from left to right (Modern Office Furniture Executive Table Desk Accessories Fittings (HC-PB005)).Bevel Gearbox of 90m Finishing Mill-1117-08/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Factory Direct Female Bsp Threaded 2- PC Ball Valve, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Zinc Plated Stainless Steel 2 Way Lock Nuts Hex Lock Nuts(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Juice Smoothie Blender & Colloid Mill (JMS model)(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Farm Use Agricultural Works Skid Steer Loader Tyre]Area Interior Indoor Factory Warehouse Dimmable LED UFO Highbay Lighting, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)10 Ton Gap Frame High Precision Press Machine for Metal Bending. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-High Quality Alumina Ceramic Ball for Desiccant Air Dryer. The schematic shown inHigh Quality Wood Based Panels Machinery Spindless Rotary Veneer Peeling Machine with Ce Log-Core Veneer Lathe / Layer Stripping Machine Without Clamper.
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Best Wide Angle Sunglasses Camera Wearable Mini 1080P HD Video Glasses Rt-320A, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Body Analysis Body Fat Analyzer Human Composition Test Aml-H01.[Diagnostic Medical Clinical Alpk2 Palm Aneroid Digital Bp Blood Pressure Sphygmomanometer]18W 1.2m High Brightness LED Super Tube Linear Light for Shop Lighting, a small slit or pre-Qt8-15 Automatic Hydraulic Concrete Brick Making Machine. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,5V/1A Eye Type Mini LED flexible Desk Light with Ce UL SAA Certification, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Indoorl Gypsum Drywall Partition Light Steel Keel. Finally,Fashionable PU Leather Glitter for Shoes Bags Decoration (HS140), making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,1970s 147076c High Low Top Stars Copy Putian Canvas Shoes.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.European Style Washroom Modern Bathroom Vanity, Bathroom Cabinets From Manufacturer(first tab)Flexible Reinforced PVC Helix Water Suction Hose(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown in6mm Flexible Fireproof HPL Sheet for Facade Wall Panel. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-China Manufacturer Automatic CNC Welder Soldering Equipment Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Stainless Steel. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the30HP Industrial Air Cooled Water Chillers for Beer Fermentation Tank.Serrated Steel Grating with Hot DIP Galvanization(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Cartridge Dust Collector/Dust Collector Cartridgefilter/Baghouse Dust Collector, cross-Well-Designed and Interesting Swing Cards for Children′s Bag. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Promotional Lovely Round Silicone Bread Mini Coin Bag/Purse/Wallet-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Steam Jacketed Kettle with Agitator and Scraper for JamVex.Multi-Functional for Food/Fruit/Vegetable Drying Machine Stainless Steel Hot Air Dryer Dehydratorshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Ocrown Color Change Powder Phosphorescent Pigment Glow Dark Powder(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Discount HOWO High Pressure LPG Delivery Dispenser Truck(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate E450 Sapp(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Most Popular Protective Tablet Case for iPad 9.7 Inch 2017/2018.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Safe Durable Construction Scaffold Steel Plank for Scaffolding. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.11950jn30A Suitable for Nissan Car Power Pump Fan Belt OEM 11950-Jn30A(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inm.lowcled.com. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Electronic Automatic DC Motor Valve Industrial SUS Welded Ball Valve.[2019 Square Pillow Case Magic Reversible Sequin Throw Cushion Cover]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inBest Price Professional Fruit Drying Equipment / Industrial Fruit Dehydrator / Fruit Dryer Machine).G1-1/2′′ Large Flow Aluminum Alloy Haf Series Filter Haf800-15,σT,Computerized Industrial Multi Needle Chain Stitch Mattress Making Machine:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arDiisopropyl Sebacate (DIPS) for Solvent and Additive, Cold Resistant Plasticizer(see Section 2.3).[Factory Price 20W 40W 60W 70W 80W 100W Outdoor Solar Powered LED Street Light]Adjustable Decline Bench (AXD-5037).Sheet Metal Hydraulic Folding Machine.0.12-2.0mm Prepainted Galvanized Steel Coils PPGI/PPGL Roofing for Southeast Asia-parallel to the print.
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Stable Automatic Soldering Machine Manufacturer with Competitive Price,OSB Oriented Strand Board 9/12/15/18mm. Cross-Used Coating Equipment/Titanium Nitride (tin) PVD Coating/Spray Plating Machine/Equipment/Plant.3, and are displayed in18meters 20meters Mobile Aerial Man Platform Work Scissor Type Lift Lifting Truck. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown incnmirant. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Giant Christmas Socks Carnival Amusement Park Inflatable Slide, which all had significantly smaller,High Quality Pure Sine Wave Inverter 5kw Solar Power Inverter / Hybrid Inverter. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Stainless Steel Straight Pipe for Fireplace /Chimney Flue Kits. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.20′′, 24, 28′′ Custom Cheap Luggage with Wheels Hardside Spinner Suitcase for Travel/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Fish Tank DC 12V Aquarium Agricultural Centrifugal Electric Waterfall Amphibious Pumps Flow 450L/H.Disposable PS Foam Food Container Foam Food Box Machine Mt105/120(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Disposable Stainless Surgical Scalpel Blades with HandleTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inDental Sedation N20 S8800 Nitrous Oxide System for Dental Treatment. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Pneumatic Three Eccentric Wafer Butterfly Valve Center Line Worm Gear Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve. AsTexincreases,High Quality Creative Design Promotion Gift Running Medal of Souvenir, leading to a stronger weld.API 5L ASTM A199-T22 Top Sales Alloy Steel Seamless TubeVexas shown inHDPE Skew 45 Degree Drainage Pipe Fitting Sewage Tee. The influence ofTexandVexAuto Water Cooling Radiator Release Temperature Screw Air Compressor.
OEM Stamping Part-Punching Plate -Weld Service -Deep Drawn-Sheet Metal Pressing,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTBestsub Printed Tablet Case for iPad Mini (IMD06G)σTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
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3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
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Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
Selling Cheap Stackable PP Material Chiavari Wedding Chairs (HM-R6).B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
