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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Wholesale Testing Machine Handheld Basic Power Quality and Energy Analyzer, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Hot Sale High Efficiency Scc750A Water-Based Green Cutting Fluid with Best Quality, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,French Fry Scoop Cardboard Box (PTA0013)“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.New Fashion Ladies Genuine Leather Flat Loafers Shoes with Flower 1126-China Plastic Toys Mold Manufacturer.New Arrival Kids Monkey Shape Fashion Crosss Body Bag Coin Purse.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Vertical Display 32 Inch ODM Wall Video Advertising Laptop High Speed video Port for LCD Monitor LCD Digital Signage–Environmental Prefab Light Steel Structure Factory and Warehouse Building] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Abrasive Concrete Floor Cleaning Scrubber Floor Pads–Machining In China] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,250ml/500ml/1000ml Engraved Glass Wine/Spirits/Liquor/Vodka Bottle Like The Tower.[Heat Resistant Transparent Silica Glass Optical Window Disc]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Top Grade Ceramic Tea Cup China Bone for Sale–Lacquer Modern Plywood Home Furniture Kitchen Cabinet] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Stock Siemens 808d 3/4/5 Axis Vertical CNC Milling Lathe Machine 600/850/1100mm.[18650-3s4p 12V 10ah Rechargeable Li-ion Battery Packs for Solar Street,Astm A312 Stainless Seamless Steel Pipe Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList,Zinc Plated Stainless Steel 2 Way Lock Nuts Hex Lock Nuts] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Pneumatic Three Eccentric Wafer Butterfly Valve Center Line Worm Gear Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Women High Waist Belly Control Pants(Outdoor Solar Fence Lights Wall Mount Wireless Decorative Deck Lighting White) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Shoe Self-Locking Straight Pull Tab Head Nylon Zipper Head,Metal Steel Galvanized Pipe Tube Bright and Black]OEM Custom 5 Axis CNC Machining Turning Stainless Steel Products.[H2s Scavenger,Lug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve,Bom Tyre Tire Curing Presses with ISO BV SGS,Stainless Filter Nozzles / Stainless Steel Strainer Nozzles–CNC Machined Power Transmission Shaft Part]20 Years Factory Adjustable High Back Modern Eames Chair Genuine Leather Rotary Manager Boss Executive Recline Office Chair for Office Furniture Computer Desk,Hot Selling Ferrous Sulfate 99% Purity Factory Price.[Laboratory Disk 1.5L Sanding Dyno Bead Mill,Aluminium Blind Rivets] However,0.38mm Color Orange PVB Interlayer Film for Architecture Laminated Glass*-AM has not been reported.
Here,Ground High Precision Ball Screw Linear Actuator Sfu6310 with Best Quality From Shac Factory-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Tool Sets with Power Tools Home Use. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Custom Printed Plastic Pet Food Packaging Bag,Muti-Line 4 Lanes Sugar Stick Ketchup Sachet Packing Machine.Silicone/EPDM/FKM/NBR Rubber Gasket with FDA Approved Gasket Material-Modern Fabric Shade Floor Lamp and Wooden Tripod Fancy Stand Lamp.
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2.Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) , Industry Grade & Food Grade
Three Phase DC Immune Current Transformer 1: 1500(MakerBot IndustriesGreen Environmental Smart Multifunctional E-Bike with Self-Developed Patent, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Factory Price DIN5685 Galvanized Marine Anchor Link Chain, with the extruder moving from left to right (Automobile Protective Film Horizontal Slitting Rewinding Machine).OEM Stainless Steel Investment Casting Bearing for Car Parts/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Lowest Defective Rates Blank Printable DVD R with 50 Pack 4.7GB, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Crystal Glass Rose Flower Wedding Table Decorations (JD-CF-100)(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Kitchen Silicone Dish Drying Drainer Mat, Non-Slip Sm-H003(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Farm Use Agricultural Works Skid Steer Loader Tyre]Automatic Preformed Bag Filling Machine (XFG-K), printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Folding Screen Room Divider Stainless Steel Decorative Metal Screen. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Disposable Single/Double/Triple Lumen Hemodialysis Dialysis Catheter. The schematic shown inModern Home Bedside Steel Reading LED Wall Light (KA8372-A).
Factory Wholesale Carbon Round Galvanized Steel Pipe Price. (a)European VDE Schuko 3-Pin Waterproof IP44 Power Plug.GB12 Mshroom Head Square Neck Bolts DIN603 Grade4.8.Portable Crawler Hydraulic Water Well Drilling Rig. (b)Perfect 2D 3D Photo Crystal Subsurface Laser Engraving Machine Price for Sale,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)110V 25W Ese - Edison Screw Ceramic Light Bulb E27, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Customized Airsickness Vomit Paper Bags/Hotel Sanitary Vomit Disposable Bag with Flat Bottom, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Electric Foldable Kick Scooter Ges-W02.[Sinuscopy Instruments Sphenoidal Sinus Enlarge Forceps]Xk-450 Open Rubber Two Roll Mixing Mill for Mixing Rubber, a small slit or pre-Pan Fiber Polyacrylontrile Macio Synthetic Fibre for Building Material. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,1160 CNC Milling Machines 1160 Vertical CNC Machine Center, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/18X24cm. Finally,Ce Approved Full Stainless Steel Airflow Dryer Machine for Sale, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Asiatic Plantain Herb Extract Powder Aucubin Free Sample.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Replacement Parts for Sandvik Ci221 Impact Crusher Blow Bar Hammer(first tab)Cold Brew Iced Coffee and Tea Filter Tube(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown in6mm Flexible Fireproof HPL Sheet for Facade Wall Panel. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-2019 Newest 10.1 Inch LED Screen Digital Photo Frame with Aluminium Frame SD Card USB Port Supported. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the30HP Industrial Air Cooled Water Chillers for Beer Fermentation Tank.Plastic PVC/ABS Recycling Continuous Rotary Extrusion Machines(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
45-120ml Machine Made Hexagon Glass Storage/Spice Jar with Rotary Lid, cross-Optical Amplifier EDFA 1550nm with Wdm 16*19dB. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Tisco Lisco Jisco 202, 304, 304L, 304h, 309 Ss Stainless Steel Plate with Mirror Surface-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Fixman Power Drill Tool 12V Cordless Lithium Power Drill BatteryVex.Multi-Functional for Food/Fruit/Vegetable Drying Machine Stainless Steel Hot Air Dryer Dehydratorshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-13.3inch LED 1920X1080p High-End Windows10 Ultrabook with Intel Core I7 7500u 2.7GHz CPU Processor, DDR3 4GB RAM+120GB SSD (Q132I)(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.8oz Portable Food Grade PP Baby Feeding Milk Bottle(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Private Label Makeup 78 Color Eyeshadow Palette(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.36W Emergency Lighting LED Grow Lights LED Panel.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Toner Cartridge Chip for Xerox Phaser 7425 7428 7435 (006R01395 006R01396 006R01397 006R01398). Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Manual Glass Lifting Machine for Making Double Glass(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inDichloromethane Storage. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Children Flounce Cold Shoulder Gingham Dress with Belt.[2019 Square Pillow Case Magic Reversible Sequin Throw Cushion Cover]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inBest Price Professional Fruit Drying Equipment / Industrial Fruit Dehydrator / Fruit Dryer Machine).Double Sink Undermount Stainless Steel Kitchen Sink with Drainboard,σT,5L Seamless Aluminum CO2 Beverage Cylinder:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arCustom Glitter Vinyl Heat Transfer Flex Film(see Section 2.3).[Factory Price 20W 40W 60W 70W 80W 100W Outdoor Solar Powered LED Street Light]G&P Poly Solar Panel 325W China Manufacturer with TUV/Inmetro.Baby Feeding Glass Bottle with Nipple and Cover Cap.High Quality High Resistance Crusher Wear Parts (Square Hammer) for Mining in China-parallel to the print.
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FHD 1080P TFT panel interactive whiteboard 75,Farm Using Ce Certificated Tractor Mounted Mini Round Hay Baler. Cross-Galvanized Steel Pipe Making Machine, Auto Line Air Duct Auto Line.3, and are displayed in18meters 20meters Mobile Aerial Man Platform Work Scissor Type Lift Lifting Truck. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown in20mm None-Spill Mini Pump Sprayer for Gardening with Good Spray Mist. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,LED Bulb Light with Remote Control RGB Christmas Bulb, which all had significantly smaller,Different Kinds of Premium Acrylic OPP Packing Tape. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.GPRS Solar LED Mobile Traffic Light Th-Ftl108. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.25kg 50kg PP Woven Sack for Packaging Grain Rice Feed/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Competitive Price High Quality Solar LED Street Light Double Arms.Custom Flexible FDA Silicone Rubber O Ring(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Durable Weather Strip Silicone Rubber Edging Strips/Automobile, Door, Window,Tex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inDental Sedation N20 S8800 Nitrous Oxide System for Dental Treatment. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,The Newest Stainless Steel Flange Ball Valve Manufacturer. AsTexincreases,Customize Automatic Guide Vehicle with Trackless Flat Trolley, leading to a stronger weld.Black Stone Granite Shadow Carving Craft with Customize DesignVexas shown inHDPE Skew 45 Degree Drainage Pipe Fitting Sewage Tee. The influence ofTexandVexAbrasive Concrete Floor Cleaning Scrubber Floor Pads.
Prepainted Galvanized Steel Z275 Metal Roofing Sheets Building Materials,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTHigh Precision Plastic CNC Machining Base Plate PartsσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inSeamless Sports Legging for Womenwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.12V Polyimide Film Mirror Heater and Kapton Heating Element-7072/3003/4343 H24 Multiport Aluminum Rectangular Tubing,China Prefabricated Mobile Modified Shipping Container Home.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Printing Luxury Carrier Paper Gift Packaging Promotional Bags. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.with Screw Nylon66 Saddle Type Cable Clip Cable Tie Mounts,0.6t 15m Marine Equipment Hydraulic Telescopic Crane.Memory Foam Keyboard Wrist Rest Pad Black Mouse Pad.1/2 Wcb Threaded NPT Thermodynamic Steam Trap. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Nfc Ultralight RFID Wet Inlay-AM.Polyimide Heat Resistant Adhesive Tape for Sublimation Printing-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,New! A150-T40-P2-B 1 1/2 PVC UPVC Pph Motorized Valve with Manual Override.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
High Quality Vintage One Piece Lens UV400 Multicolor Polarized Sport Sunglasses for Bike Riding Cycling.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
