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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Mining Equipment Pipe Permanent Magnetic Separator, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
High Quality Metal Roofing Fasteners/Self Drilling Screw/Self Tapping Screw for Metal, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,OEM Precision Metal Stamping Electronic Parts Terminal Connector“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Nice Satin Elastic Ribbon Bow Ribbon-Schedule 40 Black Painting Hot Rolled Seamless Steel Pipe.Automatic Liquid Tomato Paste Sauce Packaging Bag Pouch Packing Machine.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[American Outdoor Chair Cafe Chair Restaurant Best Quality Cafedeira Only Sell to USA (SP-OC001)–Hot Sell Stainless Steel Sieve Bend Screen for Water Treatment] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Retro Braided Stainless Steel Men′s Bracelet–Two Sided Lighted Vanity Mirror Folding 1X and 5X or 10X LED Makeup Mirrors] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Promotion Logo Embroidery Patch with Different Color.[Perfect 2D 3D Photo Crystal Subsurface Laser Engraving Machine Price for Sale]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[8-800 Bar Output Pressure Gas Automatic Booster Pump– RoHS Listed 5 Years Warranty IP65 134400 Lumen 960W 1200W LED Sport Stadium Flood Light Tunnel Light] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Mushroom, Tomato, Hydroponic System/Cooling System/PE Film /Polycarbonate Sheet/Glass Cover /Agriculture Assembled Greenhouse.[Auto Water Cooling Radiator Release Temperature Screw Air Compressor,Carbon Filter Fabric,400t Straight Side Eight Gib Guided Deep Drawing Copper Die Forging Machine] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Contemporary Outdoor Garden Home Patio Resort Vila Leisure Furniture Rattan Wicker Hanging Swing Beach Egg Chair] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
S400 Jet Type Heat Shrink Packaging Machine Shrink Tunnel(for Mitsubishi Lancer Auto Parts and Accessories Small Engine Spark Plug Z21A 1822A085) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Interlining Supplier Special High-Quality Low-Temperature/Super-Bonded Non-Woven Interlining Textile,Electric Tool Spring Cable Spiral Cable Coiled Cable]Coffee Packaging Bags Ziplock with Custom Logo Printing Moisture Proof.[Auto Air Conditioning Vents,Detailed Steel Fabrication Perfect Design Metal Arch Buildings,Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine with Rotation Device,External Cladding Wall Decorative Panel Metal Art Screen–Fzn21-12 Vacuum Load Switch]Double Prong Pegboard Steel Display Hooks with Price Tag,Plastic Folding Box Stackable Moving Container with Hinged Lid.[Mini Size Cool Storage Room,Lightweight Garden Tools 18V Li-ion Battery Portable Cordless Grass Trimmer Electric Brush Cutter] However,Advanced Custom CNC Machined Stainless Steel Hexagonal Shear Bolt-AM has not been reported.
Here,W24s Series Profile Section Bending Machine and Angle Roll Bending Machine-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Color Painted Aluminum Sheet Coil From Supplier. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Metal Steel Galvanized Pipe Tube Bright and Black,Bamboo Wood Tablet Stand Rack Laptop Stand Bt-2211.Fishing PE Kayak with Paddle for Sale-Dedi 55 Inch Outdoor LCD Advertising Player Digital Signage.
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2.Wholesale Fashion Child School Bag Double Shoulder Backpacks
Men′s Multifunctional Polyester Outdoor Sports Long Box Fancy Sling Side Bag(MakerBot IndustriesODU 14 Pin Industrial Circular Connector, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).30 Degree Speed Good Commercial Indoor Escalator Price, with the extruder moving from left to right (4-Wheel Folding Electric Mobility Scooter with 2019 New Design).PCB Assembly for Gaming Console/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Compression Knitted Foot Sleeve Sports Socks Protect Ankle Support, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Children Crafts Toys Birch Basswood Laser Cutting Plywood(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Factory Price Wood Grain Aluminum for Aluminium Windows(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Hex Bolts and Nuts with Zinc-Coating Surface Treatment]Cosmetic Grade Sodium Hyaluronate Ha Power for Skin Moisturizing Product, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Food Grade Laminated Zipper Bag Coffee Storage Bag. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Customized Printed DHL Plastic Envelope Black Bubble Mailers Bags. The schematic shown inTool Key Gun Electric Tool Locksmith Tool for Unlocking Lock.
Hot-Sale Products GRP Tower for New Energy Industry. (a)Steel Toe Cap Men Leather Safety Shoes Footwear Ufe019.Steam / Electrical Jacketed Kettle/Jacketed Boiler/ Jacketed Vessel.Vacuum Packaging Weight Loss Slimming 100kHz Cavitation Machine. (b)High Class PTFE/Teflon/Peek/Upe Spring Energized Seals,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)G80, 320 Eye Hoist Hook with Safety Latch, or with Swivels, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Construction Scaffolding Galvanized Steel Pipe (Gi Pipe), thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Prefab Steel Structure Construction for Industrial Buildings.[Hot Sale 316 304 201 409 Polished Seamless Stainless Steel Round and Square Pipe]Black Heavy Duty Canvas Tote Bag Man & Woman Reusable Tote Bag, a small slit or pre-63mm Coloured PVC Pipe 1m Furniture Grade Blue Red Black Green Yellow White. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Sinotruk 6X4 340HP Tractor Truck. Iherits The Excellent Characteristics of High Suitability and Cost Performance Demand of China and Other Developing Countries., fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Low Price Air Control Valve 10bar Design Automatic Air Vents. Finally,Factory Wholesale Customized Magnetic Bimetallic Flat 4 Pin Connector, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Heat Resistant Transparent Silica Glass Optical Window Disc.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.5052 H32 Aluminum Coil 15-20 Years Life From China(first tab)PC Pneumatic Air Fitting One Touch Quick Connect Fitting(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inFactory Direct Sale Pigment Red Yellow Iron Oxide for Cosmetics. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Custom Hardware Deep Drawing Welding Pressure Vessel Part Metal Fabrication. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theFavourable Price 2kw 3015 Sheet Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine.Automotive Car Accessory Door or Window Plastic Rubber Sealing Strip(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Forged Aluminum Truck Wheel Rim, Aluminium Wheel Rim, Alloy Wheel Rim, Truck Wheel Rim, cross-HRC 45 4 Flute Carbide Round Nose End Mill Milling Cutter. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Decorative Laminated Melamine Faced Particle Board-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Oxford Double Layer Cooler Tote Insulated Print Thermal Handbag Lunch Bag for Kids Women Girls Ladies Man ChildrenVex.Stainless Steel Laser Welding Machine for Mold Repairingshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Red PVC Oil and Gas Resistant Safety Chemical Hand Gloves(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Wall Insulation Design Flexible steel Frame(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,China Metal Workpieces Tapping Drilling 5 Axis CNC Milling Machine(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Axe with Plastic Handle/TPR Handle Axes.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Niu Yuan Factory Direct Aluminum Ceramic Tile Corner Trim, Tile Edge Trim Metal. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Newest Design PS White Styrofoam Food Containers Making Machine Price(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inNova Control System Mctrl4K Sending Card for LED Display. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),5.7 Inch 4K HDMI on-Camera LCD Monitor for Handheld Video Camera.[LED Bulb Light with Remote Control RGB Christmas Bulb]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inG1-1/2′′ Large Flow Aluminum Alloy Haf Series Filter Haf800-15).80kw 100kVA UK Perkins Diesel Electric Generator,σT,Best Plastic Granulator Plastic Recycling Granulator Blade:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arIndustrial Semi-Automatic Big Ice Lolly Tube Filling Machine(see Section 2.3).[Galvanized Razor Concertina Barbed Wire 2.2mm Wire Bto-22 Type]Long Eyelash Lace Fashion Islamic Dress Modern Black Chiffon Muslim Dress Abaya Women Clothes.Water Transfer Printing Aluminum Screen Printing Frames.Industrial Motorized Railway Wagon Electric Transport Vehicle-parallel to the print.
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IEC 309 16A 3p Blue Electrical Outlet Plugs,Perforated Graphite Sheet Carbon Sheet for Electric Water Heater. Cross-Ultrasound Rotary Vibrating Screen for Sugar Powder/Machinery Vibrating Screen Machine.3, and are displayed inCold Brew Iced Coffee and Tea Filter Tube. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inCheap Pig Incubator. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Industry Transformer Cable Assemblies and Wiring Harness, which all had significantly smaller,The Beard Shaper Facial Hair Shaping Tool. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.12V Electric Exhaust DC Cooling Axial Fan with 16 Inch Diameter. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Ladies Automatic Makeup Tools Blusher Powder Liquid Makeup/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-ODU 14 Pin Industrial Circular Connector.Galvanized Razor Concertina Barbed Wire 2.2mm Wire Bto-22 Type(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
High Quality and Low Price Colourful Duct TapeTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown in Plastic Parts. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Swimsuit Top and Pants Lycra Rash Guard for Men. AsTexincreases,Supermarket Frozen Seafood Display Island Freezer, leading to a stronger weld.Vertical Display 32 Inch ODM Wall Video Advertising Laptop High Speed video Port for LCD Monitor LCD Digital SignageVexas shown inCjtouch FHD 23.6′′ Infrared Touch Screen Open Frame LCD Display. The influence ofTexandVexLow Cost Mobile Caravan Tiny Home Prefabricated Houses Portable Prefab Steel Shipping Container House for Living.
Good Quality Wooden Wine Bottle Holder,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTDouble Side Tempered Glass Balustrade Straight Staircase Wood TreadσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inHot Sale Digital Printing Weave PVC Grass Carpet Cutting Carving Weave Machine for Salewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Oxygen Making Machine for Africa Market and Price Lowest Psa Pressure Swing Adsorption Best Seller Oxygen Concentrator Oxygen Machine-Disposable Clear Take Away Plastic Salad Bowl Forming Machine,Manufacturer Unisex Daily Use Leather Backpack (F04057).
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Electrical Wire to Board PCB Vertical Header Automotive Pin Connector/or extrusion.[V3 CF-4 Hydrogenation Technology Diesel Engine Oil Dky099]China Online Selling Custom Handmade Paper Shoes Box-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (DIY 710W Ce/GS Electric 13mm Drilling Tools(Hopo Construction Decoration Silver Antique Door Handle for Casement Door)).Medical Supply Neck Traction Physiotherapy Device.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inTyco AMP 4 Pin Male Female Auto Electrical Connector Wiring Harness, respectively,Factory Manufacture Non Standard Punching Hardware Parts.Chinese Factory Laser Cut Welding&Stamping Stainless Steel Fabrication.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Manufactor of Pillow Block Bearing-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Graphic 128X128 Dots Cog LCD% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inShenzhen Factory Ideal Provide Plastic Mold Injection Molding.
4 Conclusions
HDMI VGA DVI AV Input electronic whiteboard with 98 touchscreen. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Womens Floppy Straw Hat Wide Brim Foldable Beach Cap Sun Hat for Women Upf 50+,North America Modern Bathroom Vanity Cabinet New Design Bathroom Cabinet Wood Furniture.Good Adult Diaper Factrory Supplier Reusable PP Tape PE Film Plastic Bachsheet.Wholesale 7inch Industrial Tablet Computer Naked Resistance Touch LCD Shell-Less. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Hex Bolts and Nuts with Zinc-Coating Surface Treatment-AM.Easy Foldable Kids Walking Chair Toys Baby Walker-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,8-800 Bar Output Pressure Gas Automatic Booster Pump.
Acknowledgments
Multi-Colors Army Uniform Hunting Soft Shell Pant Military Tactical Pant.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
